1 A reference to the well-known salutation of the gladiators as they passed the Emperor in his seat at the Public Games. “Ave Cæsar Imperator! Morituri te salutant.” _Hail! Cæsar Emperor, the doomed to death salute thee._ 2 Now known all over the world as Portsmouth Harbour. 3 Honorius and Arcadius, who ruled over the Western and Eastern Empires respectively, were the weak sons of the vigorous Theodosius. 4 Marcus was the first of three usurpers successively saluted Emperor by the legions of Britain. 5 Vespasian, appointed by Claudius in A.D. 52 to the command of the second legion, had made extensive conquests in Britain adding, among other places, the Isle of Wight (Vectis) to the Empire. 6 The observation of omens, or signs, supposed to indicate the future, was one of the duties of a commanding officer. 7 When one of the vine-sticks used in administering corporal punishment to the Roman soldiers was broken on the culprit’s back, he would at once call for another. A milder disciplinarian would probably consider that when the stick was broken the punishment might end. 8 “Decimation” was a common military punishment in cases of mutiny or bad behaviour on the field of battle. Every tenth man, taken by lot, was put to death. 9 It would seem that the myth which made the Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine, into a British princess, had already grown up. She was, in fact, the daughter of a tavern-keeper, and in no way connected with Britain. 10 A _donative_ was a distribution of money made to the soldiers on such occasions as the accession of an Emperor. 11 Lymne, in Kent, now some miles inward, on the edge of Romney Marsh. 12 Constantinople. 13 His capital is said to have been near the ancient Caieta and modern Gaieta. 14 The “five” are, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, whose united reigns extended from 97 to 180 A.D.—a period of peace and prosperity such as Rome never enjoyed again. 15 The hills that run as far as Arreton and the valley of the Medina. 16 Brading Haven. 17 The villa consisted, it will be seen, of the three parts which were commonly found in establishments of this kind. These were called respectively the _Urbana_, containing the rooms in which the family resided, and including also the garden terraces, &c.; the _Rustica_, occupied by slaves and workmen but in this case, as will be seen, partly used for another purpose; and the _Fructuaria_, containing cellars for wine, &c., barns, granaries, and storehouses of various kinds. 18 The British bishops were notoriously poor, and their clergy were doubtless still more slenderly provided for. 19 Lutetia Parisiorum, now Paris. 20 Now Lyons. 21 The Elbe.