[78] Thus, for example, the squamoso-frontal articulation is found in less than 2 per cent. of European skulls, whilst it is found in 20 per cent. negroes (Ecker) and 16.9 per cent. Australian skulls (Virchow). Again, the spheno-pterygoid foramen is found in 4.8 per cent. European skulls and in 20 per cent. American Indians, 30 per cent. Africans, 32 per cent. Asiatics, and 50 per cent. Australians. So also wormian bones are more common among the lower races. [79] A remarkable instance of this simulated atavism is the uniformity with which (according to Lacassagne, _Archives de l’Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1886) rapes are effected by methods common among lower races, and even animals. This is not atavism, but the criminal, being a man of primitive organisation, will naturally exercise the brutality and lack of consideration which belong to a lower race. [80] It may be noted that Rossi found the same precocity in the abuse of alcohol, in the form of wine--_i.e._, 11 when children, without knowing the precise age; 2 at five years, 3 at eight, 1 at nine, 6 at ten; and so on. And sexual precocity was even more notable. [81] E. J. Kitts, _Serious Crime in an Indian Province_, 1889, pp. 8, 85. [82] Mr. Horsley has compiled from the Judicial Statistics the following table of individuals committed more than ten times, with proportion to total of recommittals:-- +-------------------------------------------+ | Year. | Male. | Female. | Male. | Female. | |-------|-------|---------|-------|---------| | 1879 | 3706 | 5673 | 8.3 | 22.4 | | 1880 | 3691 | 5800 | 8.3 | 23.6 | | 1881 | 3618 | 6773 | 8.2 | 27.3 | | 1882 | 4148 | 7496 | 8.8 | 27.4 | | 1883 | 4391 | 8946 | 8.9 | 29.3 | | 1884 | 4734 | 9316 | 9.4 | 30.2 | | 1885 | 5188 | 9451 | 10.0 | 31.6 | | 1886 | 5074 | 8981 | 10.1 | 33.2 | | 1887 | 5686 | 9764 | 11.1 | 34.2 | +-------------------------------------------+ [83] While maternity has this beneficial influence, precocious and random sexual relationships have an equally grave influence in the opposite direction. This is clearly shown in the valuable details given by Marro. [84] _La Criminalité Comparée_, 1886, pp. 51-53. [85] “Criminologie,” _Revue d’Anthropologie_, Sept. 1888. [86] “L’Anthropologie Criminelle,” _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887. [87] _Loc. cit._, p. 686. [88] All the evidence which has so far been accumulated with regard to the connection between criminality and epilepsy will be found in considerable detail in the second volume of Lombroso’s great work, _L’Uomo Delinquente_ (1889). To announce any definite conclusions would still be premature. [89] See Ireland’s _Idiocy_, and Langdon Down’s _Mental Affections of Childhood and Youth_. The latter contains many valuable facts and suggestions in this connection. [90] _In Russian and French Prisons_, p. 359. [91] _Leaves from a Prison Diary._ Lecture I.