s. d. To the Governor, plaintiff, one loaf of sugar 2 0 " " defendant, " " 2 0 " two policemen who took them to gaol 0 9½ " " " them out of gaol 0 9½ " gaoler 0 4¼ " " for use of prison lavatory 0 4¼ ----- 6 3½ It frequently happens that the prisoner is unable to settle his bill, and is compelled, therefore, to remain a prisoner. [94] _Jottings from Jail_ (1887), pp. 186, 190. Judge Willert (_Das Postulat der Abschaffung des Straffmasses mit der dagegen Erhobenen Einwendung_), as quoted by Garofalo, uses the same simile to show the absurdity of this system. [95] _Leaves from a Prison Diary_, pp. 173, 174. [96] _In Russian and French Prisons_ (1887), pp. 263-283. [97] “Le Monde des Prisons,” _Archives de l’Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1888. [98] _Sketches from Shady Places_, by Thor. Fredur (1879), pp. 206-7. [99] _Enquête Parlementaire_, tome v., pp. 345, 381, 542, quoted by Joly. [100] Adolphe Prins, _Criminalité et Répression_, 1885. [101] _Le Criminologie_ (1888), p. 220. [102] “Cu dici male di la Vicaria Cei farrissi la faccia feddi-feddi. Cu dici cà la carcere castia Comu v’ ingannati, puvireddi!” [103] “Qua sol trovi i fratelli e qua gli amici, Danari, ben mangiare e allegra pace; Fuori sei sempre in mezzo ai tuoi nemici; Se non puoi lavorai muori di fame.” [104] _American Prisons_, by the Rev. F. H. Wines, the able secretary of the National Prison Association. A great amount of valuable information is compressed into this little pamphlet. Mr. Wines has endeavoured to ascertain if the variation in usual length of sentence in different states has any relation with amount of crime in that state. He was not able to find any connection. “Apparently, the length of jail sentences pronounced by the court has no effect either to increase or to diminish crime.” If this is so, there arises, as he remarks, the question, “What useful purpose do our jails subserve?” [105] “Remarks on Crime and Criminals,” _Journal of Mental Science_, July 1888. [106] It is unnecessary to consider here the relation of solitary confinement to insanity. This is still somewhat of a vexed question. The difficulty lies in the fact that the prisoner is frequently already predisposed to insanity. Everything depends on how the isolation is carried out. There is no question that cellular confinement, if sufficiently prolonged, leads to insanity. There is a very extensive literature dealing with this subject. [107] H. D. Wey, _Physical and Industrial Training of Criminals_, p. 55, New York, 1888.