II, III., IV. Proceedings of the several state conventions; with other documents, including the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798, and data relating thereto. V. Madison's journal of debates in the Congress of the Confederation, Nov. 4, 1782-June 21, 1783, and Feb. 19-April 25, 1787; Madison's journal of the Federal Convention; letters from Madison to Washington, Jefferson, and Randolph, Sept. 1787-Nov. 1788; and other papers. The best edition of the "Federalist" is by H.C. Lodge, N.Y., 1888. See also Story's _Commentaries on the Constitution_, 4th ed., 3 vols., Boston, 1873; the works of Daniel Webster, 6 vols., Boston, 1851; Hurd's _Theory of our National Existence_, Boston, 1881. The above works expound the Constitution as not a league between sovereign states but a fundamental law ordained by the people of the United States. The opposite view is presented in _The Republic of Republics_, by P.C. Centz [Plain Common Sense, pseudonym of B.J. Sage of New Orleans], Boston, 1881; the works of Calhoun, 6 vols., N.Y., 1853-55; A.H. Stephens's _War between the States_, 2 vols., Phila., 1868; Jefferson Davis's _Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government_, 2 vols., N.Y., 1881. Several volumes of the "American Statesmen" contain interesting accounts of discussions in the various conventions, as Tyler's _Patrick Henry_, Hosmer's _Samuel Adams_, Lodge's _Hamilton_, Magruder's _Marshall_, Roosevelt's _Morris_. Gay's _Madison_ falls far below the general standard of this excellent and popular series. No satisfactory biography of Madison has yet been written, though the voluminous work of W.C. Rives contains much good material. For judicial interpretations of the Constitution one may consult B.R. Curtis's _Digest of Decisions_, 1790-1854; Flanders's _Lives of the Chief Justices_, Phila., 1858; Marshall's _Writings on the Federal Constitution_, ed. Perkins, Boston, 1839; see also Pomeroy's _Constitutional Law_, N.Y., 1868; Wharton's _Commentaries_, Phila., 1884; Von Holst's _Calhoun_, Boston, 1882; Tyler's _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, 2 vols., Richmond, 1884-85. Among critical and theoretical works, Fisher's _Trial of the Constitution_, Phila., 1862, and Lockwood's _Abolition of the Presidency_, N.Y., 1884, are variously suggestive; Woodrow Wilson's _Congressional Government_, Boston, 1885, is a work of rare ability, pointing out the divergence which has arisen between the literary theory of our government and its practical working. Walter Bagehot's _English Constitution_, revised ed., Boston, 1873, had already, in a most profound and masterly fashion, exhibited the divergence between the literary theory and the actual working of the British government. Some points of weakness in the British system are touched in Albert Stickney's _True Republic_, N.Y., 1879; see also his _Democratic Government_, N.Y., 1885. The constitutional history of England is