"Le même usage (says Salverte) a été alternativement cause et effet." We have already seen that multitudes of armorial ensigns have been borrowed from the bearers' names--it is asserted by several authors that, in many cases, _surnames were borrowed from arms_. Salverte[162] thinks that many of the chiefs who were engaged in the Crusades assumed and handed down to their posterity names allusive to the charges of their banners. He also notices, from the history of Poland, the fact that there were in that country, in the twelfth century, two families called respectively _Rose_ and _Griffon_, and he thinks "we may with probability suppose, that both took from their arms those names, which no longer subsist, because hereditary surnames were not yet established in Poland." In Sweden, again, according to this learned writer, there is _proof_ that the nobles followed such a practice. "One who bore in his arms the head of an ox assumed the name of OXENSTIERN (front de boeuf;) and another took the name of SPARR, on account of the cheveron which formed the principal feature of his coat." "A particular instance of the armorial ensign being metonymically put for the bearer of it, occurs in the history of the Troubadours, the first of whom was called the Dauphin, or knight of the Dolphin, because he bore this figure on his shield. In the person of one of his successors, the name Dauphin became a title of sovereign dignity. Many other surnames were in this manner taken from arms, as may be inferred from the ordinary phraseology of romance, where many of the warriors are styled knights of the lion, of the eagle, of the rose, &c., according to the armorial figures they bore on their shields."[163] At tournaments the combatants usually bore the title of Knights of the Swan, Dragon, Star, or whatever charge was most conspicuous in their arms.[164] The arms of Trusbut are three water-bowgets, 'Très boutz.' Mr. Montagu thinks the name was taken from the bearings.[165] The royal line of Plantagenet derived their appellation from the _Planta genesta_, their very antient badge. There is certainly some probability that a few of our English surnames, particularly those derived from the animal kingdom, come immediately from an heraldrical source; though it would be a matter of great difficulty positively to ascertain whether the names or the arms were adopted first. Without attempting to decide, therefore, which had the earliest existence, I shall annex certain surnames of an heraldrical character, which have found their way into our family nomenclature, and give the more prominent features of the blazon borne with those names, leaving it to the reader to form his own conclusions: 1. CROSS. Many families of this name bear crosses and crosslets. 2. SALTIRE bears billets and a bordure, but not the ordinary so called. 3. CHEVERON bears two cheverons.