Peter Peter Peter Andrew James Andrew James John James John Andrew John Philip Philip Philip Bartholomew Bartholomew Bartholomew Thomas Matthew Matthew Matthew Thomas Thomas James the Less James the Less James the Less Thaddeus Thaddeus Simon Zelotes Simon Zelotes Simon Zelotes Judas Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot The passage in Revelation xxi, 19, 20, is not the only one in that book treating of precious stones, for we read in chapter iv, 2, 3: And immediately I was in the Spirit: and, behold, a throne was set in heaven, and _one_ sat on the throne. And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and _there was_ a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. The commentators, both ancient and modern, have given many different explanations of the symbolic meaning of the similes employed here. Some have seen in the two stones a type of the two judgments of the world, by fire and by water; others find that they signify the holiness of God and his justice. Of the rainbow “like unto an emerald,” Alford says we should not think it strange that the bow is green, instead of prismatic: “the _form_ is that of the covenant bow, the color even more refreshing and more directly symbolizing grace and mercy.”[424] The significance of the twelve Apocalyptic gems is given by Rabanus Maurus, Archbishop of Mainz (786-856), in the following words:[425] In the jasper is figured the truth of faith; in the sapphire, the height of celestial hope; in the chalcedony, the flame of inner charity. In the emerald is expressed the strength of faith in adversity; in the sardonyx, the humility of the saints in spite of their virtues; in the sard, the venerable blood of the martyrs. In the chrysolite, indeed, is shown true spiritual preaching accompanied by miracles; in the beryl, the perfect operation of prophecy; in the topaz, the ardent contemplation of the prophecies. Lastly, in the chrysoprase is demonstrated the work of the blessed martyrs and their reward; in the hyacinth, the celestial rapture of the learned in their high thoughts and their humble descent to human things out of regard for the weak; in the amethyst, the constant thought of the heavenly kingdom in humble souls. The origin of the foundation stones named in Revelation xxi, 19, 20, may be found in the text, Isaiah liv, 11, 12, where we read: O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, _and_ not comforted, behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colours, and lay thy foundations with sapphires. And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones.