[525] These ten personages are the four khalifs: I. Abubekr; II. Omar; III. Osman; and IV. Ali; then V. Talha; VI. Zohair ben Awam; VII. Saad ben Abu Wakkas; VIII. Abdur rahmen ben Auf; IX. Abu Obaida ben Jarrah; and X. Saad ben Zaid. These are called the ten evangelists, to whom the Muhammedans add Hamzah and Jafar, and account them the twelve apostles of Muhammed.――(See _Eucologe musulman_, par M. Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1840, p. 200.) [526] كوثر _Kawser_ is a river of paradise, mentioned in the Koran (chap. CVIII). According to a tradition of Muhammed, the water of this river is whiter than milk or silver, sweeter than honey, smoother than cream, and more odoriferous than musk; its banks are of chrysolithes. This river supplies in two pipes the pond of the prophet, who describes it to be an exact square of a month’s journey in compass. The cups to drink this water are of silver, and are set around as numerous as there are stars in the firmament.――(See Sale’s _Koran_, vol. I. Prelim. Disc., p. 126; vol. II. p. 514.) [527] See pp. 334-335, note 1. [528] Kersi: this is the crystaline or the empyrean heaven, as being supposed the throne of God. [529] Satan, or Iblis was cursed for refusing to worship Adam at God’s command. This will be further developed in a note, vol. III. chapter VII. [530] A city in Turkistan. [531] _Mâterídí_ was the surname of _Abu Mansúr Muhammed al Hanefí_. He was a doctor of the Hanefian sect, to whom the praise and title of _Imám al hada_, “the Imám, the director,” was given. He died, and was buried in the year of the Hejirah 333 (A. D. 944-5) in the town of Samarkand, a native of which he was; _Mâterídí_ is a quarter of this town whence he had his surname. This doctor was a _Motkalin_, that is, a great metaphysician and scholastic theologian; he composed, among many other works, a book entitled: _Bian vahem al Mâtazalah_, against the Mâtazale.――(_Herbelot sub voce Matridi_).