SECTION THE FIFTH: CONCERNING THOSE WHO PROFESS THE SÁNK’HYÁ[161] DOCTRINES.――They say that there are two things in the existence, or that the existence is divided into two parts: the one is truth, which they interpret by _purusha_;[162] the other is illusion, named by them _Prakrit_.[163] _Prakrit_ is the cause of the world, and purusha, being from want of knowledge and confusion of the intellect mixed with Prakrit, is in the world encircled, and penetrated by this incongruity. Five imperfections are held to adhere to the purusha, which they call _pancha kalusháni_,[164] “the five failings, or sins.” These are: 1. _avidya_;[165] 2. _ishmatá_;[166] 3. _rága_;[167] 4. _dvésha_;[168] 5. _avivèchaná_.[169] _Avidya_ signifies with them that they believe the body and the senses to be the soul; _avidya_ knows of no beginning nor origin; _ishmata_ means personality, individuality, and selfishness; _rága_ is the propensity to what is agreeable; _dvésha_, “hatred,” consists in adhering to one’s own opinion, and condemning that of others as vicious; _avivèchaná_ relates to acting or not acting with passion. The five failings just enumerated keep _Purusha_, “the embodied soul,” in distress: but when the mind becomes pure, these five pains are banished. After the purification of the heart, all the qualities which are bad and wicked acquire purity, and the qualities, called by them _vrittaya_,[170] are of four different kinds: the first, _mitrata_;[171] the second, _karuna_;[172] the third, _mada_;[173] the fourth _upèkshá_.[174] _Mitrata_ is friendship for the well doers, and benevolence for the men of probity; _karuna_ means to be anxious for the good of the friendly-minded, and to relieve the oppressed; _mada_ consists in enjoying the quiet happiness of all the creatures of God; _upèksha_ signifies, not to use harsh words against those who do ill. These are called _chatur vrittayá_, or “four qualities,” which keep the heart under subjection, and prevent it from seeing any thing else; and it is from the existence of these four manners that the five pains before mentioned are annihilated, as well as every thing that attracts them, and the fortunate man who is liberated from these five sicknesses, attains the _satya loka_. And thus is interpreted the appearance of the forms of Prakrit and Purusha in the heart; the professor of this condition knows how to separate them from each other, and becomes wise: by this knowledge Prakrit disappears, after which, having found Purusha, or the true knowledge of himself, which is understood of the soul, man becomes satisfied and happy. According to the opinion of this sect, the five elements are deduced from Prakrit.