World War, 1914-1918 -- Campaigns -- Turkey -- Gallipoli Peninsula
The design of breaking down the siege and freeing the Narrows for the
fleet, by cutting the neck of the Peninsula at Bulair, by a landing at
Enos, or by a direct attack, was obvious and tempting. As before, its
weakness was that the occupation of Bulair would neither have cut the
enemy’s communications nor freed the Narrows. In spite of the daring
resource of our submarines in penetrating into the Sea of Marmora, and
even shelling the trains and destroying the culverts on the railway
which runs from Scutari along the north coast of the Gulf of Ismid,
the main Turkish supplies and drafts still came to the Peninsula by
sea. Some crossed to the Asiatic side from Constantinople; some came
up by train from Smyrna to Panderma; in either case, the transports
edged along the coast by stages at night till they reached the Straits
and crossed at Gallipoli, Galata, or Maidos, always keeping beyond
the range or vision of any guns on Bulair. A landing at Enos would
have lengthened the journey from Mudros by about 50 miles. An attempt
at Bulair would have implied a landing against lines long reputed
impregnable, and lately developed even more carefully than the April
defences at Helles. The attempt also would have contained no element
of surprise; for an attack at that point would be the merest amateur’s
first expectation.
[Sidenote: SIR IAN’S DESIGN]
An advance in Asia, as from Adramyti Bay opposite Mitylene, with a
view to reaching the Smyrna-Panderma railway, might have looked more
promising. It was much favoured by British authorities in Mitylene.
The arrival of half the 10th Division appeared to point that way, and
Mr. Compton Mackenzie was sent there to encourage the false report,
for the benefit of Turkish spies. The French, harassed by the Asiatic
guns, were probably anxious for some movement along that coast. But
Sir Ian was perhaps still bound by Lord Kitchener’s express orders not
to entangle himself in Asia. At all events, he refused to dissipate
his comparatively small forces at such distances apart. Committed to
the Peninsula, he felt that there or nowhere lay his hope of victory.
Already in June, with the full concurrence of Generals Gouraud and
Birdwood, he had laid his plan. Anzac, instead of remaining subsidiary
as “a thorn in the side,” was now to become the main base of attack.
The first objective was to be the Sari Bair range; the ultimate object
an advance across the five miles to Maidos. A new frontal attack was to
detain the enemy at Achi Baba. A surprise landing at Suvla Bay was to
protect the Anzac left flank, occupy the heights threatening that flank
with artillery, and assist the assault upon the central mountains of
Sari Bair range--Koja Chemen Tepe (Hill 971) and Chunuk Bair. When once
those heights were gained, the Turkish communications would indeed be
cut in two; the positions on Achi Baba and Kilid Bahr plateau would
be turned and taken in rear; the very gate of the Narrows would be
exposed to our guns.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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