Leo was of a sickly habit of body, and died after a short reign of five
years, in 780, before he had attained the age of thirty-two. He left the
throne to his son Constantine VI.,[47] for whom the empress Irene was to
act as regent, as the boy was only nine years of age. Leo’s early death
was a fatal misfortune alike for the Iconoclastic cause and the Isaurian
dynasty. The empress Irene, though she had succeeded in concealing the
fact during her husband’s life, was a fervent worshipper of images, and
the moment that the reins of power fell into her hands, set herself to
reverse the imperial policy of the last sixty years. [Sidenote:
Constantine VI. and Irene.] She began by putting an end to the
repression of the Iconodules, and then gradually displaced the old
ministers of state and governors of the themes by creatures of her own.
This led to a plot against her; the conspirators proposed to crown
Nicephorus, the eldest of her brothers-in-law, but they were discovered
and banished, while all the five brothers of the deceased emperor were
forcibly made priests, to disqualify them from seizing the throne.
Footnote 47:
Or seventh, if Constantinus-Constans is counted.
When the patriarch Paul died in 784, Irene replaced him by Tarasius, a
fervent image-worshipper, and then ventured to call a general council at
Nicaea, to which she invited pope Hadrian at Rome, and the Patriarchs of
the East, to send delegates. Under the influence of the empress the
council, by a large majority, declared the lawfulness of making
representations of Our Lord and the Saints, and bade men pay not divine
worship (λατρεία), but adoration and reverence (προσκύνησις) to them.
The recalcitrant Iconoclastic bishops were excommunicated. [Sidenote:
Restoration of image-worship, 785.] The doings of the council caused a
mutiny of the Imperial guard in Constantinople, for the greater part of
the army still adhered to the views of the Isaurian emperors. But Irene
succeeded in steering through the troubled waters, put down the mutiny,
and retained her power.
Meanwhile the reign of a child and a woman proved disastrous to the
empire. The Slavs of the Balkans burst into revolt, and the Saracens
invaded Asia Minor. The want of an emperor to head the army was
grievously felt, and Haroun-al-Raschid, the son of the caliph Mehdy,
ravaged the whole Anatolic and Obsequian themes as far as the Bosphorus.
Irene felt herself unable to cope with the situation, and bought a peace
by an annual payment of 70,000 solidi (784). Soon after the Bulgarian
king declared war, and ravaged Thrace after slaying the general of the
Thracian theme in battle.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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