The dawn of astronomy: A study of the temple-worship and mythology of the ancient EgyptiansLockyer, Norman, Sir
Religion
The dawn of astronomy: A study of the temple-worship and mythology of the ancient Egyptians
Lockyer, Norman, Sir
Astronomy, Egyptian; Sun -- Mythology; Sun worship; Temples -- Egypt
As we have seen, it is now acknowledged that the temple inscriptions at
Edfû (which are stated to have been cut between 117 and 81 B.C.[81])
are based upon the fixed year of Tanis; hence we should expect that the
rising of Sirius would be referred to on 1 Payni, and this is so. But
here, as in the other temples, we get double dates referring to the old
calendars, and we find the "wounding of Set" referred to on the 1st
Epiphi and the rising of Sirius referred to under 1 Mesori. Now this
means, if the old vague year is referred to, as it most probably is,
that
5 Epacts
30 Mesori
──
35 × 4 = 140 years
had elapsed since the beginning of a Sothic cycle, when the calendar
coincidences were determined, which were afterwards inscribed on the
temple walls. We have, then, 140 years to subtract from the beginning
of the cycle in 270 B.C. This gives us 130 B.C., and it will be seen
that this agrees as closely as can be expected with my view, whereas
the inscription has no meaning at all if we take the date given by
Censorinus.
I quote from Krall[82] another inscription common to Edfû and Esne,
which seems to have astronomical significance.
"1. Phamenoth. Festival of the suspension of the sky by Ptah, by the
side of the god Harschaf, the master of Heracleopolis Magna (Al).
Festival of Ptah. Feast of the suspension of the sky (Es).
"Under the 1st Phamenoth, Plutarch, _de Iside et Osiride_, c. 43, b,
notices the ἔμβασις Ὀσίριδος εἰς τὴν σελὴνην. These are festivals
connected with the celebration of the Winter Solstice, and the filling
of the Uza-eye on the 30th Menchir. Perhaps the old year, which
the Egyptians introduced into the Nile valley at the time of their
immigration, and which had only 360 days, commenced with the Winter
Solstice. Thus we should have in the 'festival of the suspension
of the sky,' by the ancient god Ptah--venerated as creator of the
world--a remnant of the time when the Winter Solstice ... marked the
beginning of the year, and also the creation."
The reconstruction of the calendar naturally enhanced the importance of
the month Pachons; this comes out very clearly from the inscriptions
translated by Brugsch. On this point Krall remarks:--
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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