Many dogs, cats, and other animals regard certain rugs, cushions, etc., as their own property, and resent any interference with them. It seems to me that in all such instances these animals regard themselves as individuals; that they recognize the psychical as well as the physical difference between the _Ego_ and the _Tu_ as soon as they begin to recognize the rights of property. Those who hold that instinct governs all actions of the lower animals, usually claim that man is the only tool-user. This is a gross mistake--elephants, when walking along the road, will break branches from the trees and use them as fly-brushes;[120] these creatures also manufacture surgical instruments, and use them in getting rid of certain parasites;[121] monkeys use rocks and hammers to crack nuts too hard for their teeth; these creatures also make use of missiles to hurl at their foes;[122] chimpanzees make drums out of pieces of dry and resonant wood;[123] the orang-utan breaks branches and fruit from the trees and hurls them at its foes;[124] the gorilla and chimpanzee use cudgels or clubs as weapons of offence or defence;[125] monkeys make use of sticks in order to draw objects within their reach;[126] spiders suspend pebbles from their webs in order to preserve stability,[127] etc. [120] Peal, _Nature_, Vol. XXI. p. 34; quoted also by Romanes. [121] Peal, _Nature_, Vol. XXI. [122] Romanes, _Animal Intelligence_, p. 485 _et seq._ [123] Lindsay, _Mind in the Lower Animals_, Vol. I. p. 410. [124] Wallace, _Malayan Archipelago_, p. 41. [125] Lindsay, _loc. cit. ante_, p. 413. [126] Belt, _Naturalist in Nicaragua_, p. 119. [127] Büchner, _Geistesleben der Thiere_, p. 318. I could prolong this list to a much greater length, but think it hardly necessary. I think that I have demonstrated that man is not the only tool-user. Even such dyed-in-the-wool creationists as Kirby and Spence are forced to admit the presence of reason in insects. "Such, then, are the exquisiteness, the number, and the extraordinary development of the instincts of insects. But is instinct the sole guide of their actions? Are they in every case the blind agent of irresistible impulse? These queries, I have already hinted, cannot, in my opinion, be replied to in the affirmative; and I now proceed to show that though instinct is the chief guide to insects, they are endowed also with no inconsiderable portion of _reason_."[128] [128] Kirby and Spence, _Entomology_, p. 591. Studied both objectively and subjectively, insects present indisputable evidence of reason. Not the higher abstract reason of the human being, however, but reason in its primal, fundamental state. The difference between instinct and reason is not generally understood, and, as I believe that most readers can comprehend an illustration much quicker than an explanation, I will use the former in order to bring out this difference.