"How, as Huber asks, can we comprehend the mode in which such a crowd of laborers, occupied at the same time on the edge of the comb, could agree to give it the same curvature from one extremity to the other; or how could they arrange together to construct on one face cells so small, while on the other they imparted to them such enlarged dimensions?"[91] [91] Kirby and Spence, _loc. cit. ante_, pp. 582, 583. Surely, no "variation of instinct," however complex, can possibly account for such a deviation from the normal! It is hardly necessary to give more evidence as to the presence of reason in the psychical organisms of the lower animals; I believe that I have clearly demonstrated that some of them do make use of intelligent ratiocination. To prove that this view, _i.e._ that the lower animals reason, is widely held, I need only point to the works of such men as Darwin, Büchner, Forel, Huber, Lubbock, Hartmann, Kirby and Spence, and dozens of others.[92] [92] Darwin, _Descent of Man_; Romanes, _Animal Intelligence_, _Mental Evolution in Animals_, _Mental Evolution in Man_; Lubbock, _Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals_, and _Ants, Bees, and Wasps_; Hartmann, _Anthropoid Apes_; Büchner, _Geistesleben der Thiere_; Huber, _Natural History of Ants_, etc. We have seen that the lower animals seem to possess very near, if not quite, all of the _fundamental_ psychical habitudes of the highest animal of all--_Homo sapiens_; we will now proceed to study certain psychical attributes in the possession of the lower animals which man has lost in the process of evolution. These attributes will be embraced under the heading of Auxiliary Senses. CHAPTER VIII AUXILIARY SENSES When we come to examine the methods by which, or through which, many of the lower animals protect themselves from their enemies, we soon discover that some of these means are very wonderful indeed. It is not my purpose to discuss instinctive protective habits in this chapter; I wish rather to call attention to two _senses_,[93] which are to be observed in certain of the lower animals, and which man and some of the higher animals have lost in the process of evolution. I refer to tinctumutation, the "color-changing" sense, and the sense of direction, or, as it is commonly and erroneously termed, the "homing instinct." Neither of these faculties is instinctive, but they are, on the contrary, true senses, just as hearing, or taste, or smell is a sense. Careful dissections and repeated experiments have shown me, beyond peradventure, that these two psychical habitudes have their centres in the brains (ganglia) of animals which possess them. [93] I believe that I am the first to claim the _sensual_ importance of tinctumutation and the sense of direction or the "homing sense." Heretofore they have been regarded, by all authorities as far as I know, as instinctive in character.--W.