Footnote 159: The incident which is said to have precipitated the French war on Algiers (1827).—_Tr._ Footnote 160: Act. II, Scene VII.—_Tr._ Footnote 161: In the general upheaval of 1848 a German national parliament was assembled at Frankfurt, of a strongly democratic colour, and it chose Frederick William IV of Prussia as hereditary emperor. Frederick William, however, refused to “pick up a crown out of the gutter.” For the history of this momentous episode, the English reader may be referred to the Cambridge Modern History or to the article _Germany (History)_ in the Ency. Brit., XI Edition.—_Tr._ Footnote 162: It is the fact that a whole group of these Cultures is available for our study that makes possible the “comparative” method used in the present work. See Vol. II, pp. 42 et seq. Footnote 163: Derived from μείρομαι, to receive as one’s portion, to have allotted to one, or, colloquially, to “come in for” or “step into.”—_Tr._ Footnote 164: The expedition of the Ten Thousand into Persia is no exception. The Ten Thousand indeed formed an ambulatory Polis, and its adventures are truly Classical. It was confronted with a series of “situations.”— _Tr._ Footnote 165: Helios is only a poetical figure; he had neither temples nor cult. Even less was Selene a moon-goddess. ----- IX We may now point our moral with a few examples, which, though hazardous, ought not at this stage to be open to misunderstanding. Imagine Columbus supported by France instead of by Spain, as was in fact highly probable at one time. Had Francis I been the master of America, without doubt he and not the Spaniard Charles V would have obtained the imperial crown. The early Baroque period from the Sack of Rome to the Peace of Westphalia, which was actually the _Spanish_ century in religion, intellect, art, politics and manners, would have been shaped from Paris and not from Madrid. Instead of the names of Philip, Alva, Cervantes, Calderon, Velasquez we should be talking to-day of great Frenchmen who in fact—if we may thus roundly express a very difficult idea—remained unborn. The style of the Church which was definitively fixed in this epoch by the Spaniard Loyola and the Council of Trent which he spiritually dominated; the style of politics to which the war-technique of Spanish captains, the diplomacy of Spanish cardinals and the courtly spirit of the Escorial gave a stamp that lasted till the Congress of Vienna and in essential points till beyond Bismarck; the architecture of the Baroque; the great age of Painting; ceremonial and the polite society of the great cities—all these would have been represented by other profound heads, noble and clerical, by wars other than Philip II’s wars, by another architect than Vignola, by another Court. The Incidental chose the Spanish gesture for the late period of the West. But the _inward logic_ of that age, which was _bound_ to find its