It was common for knights fighting on foot, or those dismounted by any accident, to cut down the lance to a length of five feet, for use as a spear; this was done at the battle of Poitiers. The vamplate, a steel plate for keeping the lance in position, began as a small rondelle, but attained larger dimensions in the fourteenth century, becoming very large in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; the German tilting vamplate covered the shoulder and half of the arm. The importance of the lance in battle became greatly reduced in the sixteenth century, and even earlier. THE MACE AND MARTEL-DE-FER. The mace is a very ancient weapon in its simple form, its use and shape having been evidently suggested by the club, and it was probably a sceptre before it became a fighting club of metal. The type of the Bayeux tapestry, which was only used by the Saxons, is elementary and club-like, and the shape did not alter much before the beginning of the fifteenth century, when we have round, oval, cog-wheel, and dentated forms; it was sometimes provided with a short spear, welded into the top, but this was rather a French than an English form. The mace and battle-axe were the great weapons of the Plantagenets. The mace (temp. Edward I.) assumed the form of a slightly projecting cog-wheel, which became somewhat more pronounced in the next reign, as may be seen on one of the sleeping figures in Lincoln Cathedral; and the weapon was sometimes made of lead. The shape did not alter much before the beginning of the fifteenth century, when we have the round, oval, cog-wheel, and dentated forms much more pronounced than under Edward I. Asiatic specimens are generally round in the knob, and are much lighter than European weapons. The mace hung at the saddle-bow, being passed through a socket which was attached to the saddle, and the weapon was used in the lists as well as in battle. It survived as the weapon of the sergeant-at-arms, and fell into disuse as a weapon of war in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; after which it became a processional emblem, and was made of silver or copper-gilt, and ornamented with a crown, globe, and cross. The small variety of mace was termed the “mazuelle.” The baston (German streitkolben) is a heavy mace of hard wood, bluntly pointed, polygonal in form, thickening towards the head, while the pommel is round, and it was used in tournaments. The martel-de-fer or pole-hammer is of ancient origin. That it was in use in the eighth century is shown by the sobriquet “Charles Martel.” It was a popular weapon in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for both horse and foot. The Lucerne hammer is only another name for the same weapon; it is both long and short handled, while the head is either a simple war-hammer, or has a small halbard-shaped blade with a plain or dentated hammer at the opposite side, and a longer or shorter spear at the extremity. THE BATTLE-AXE AND POLE-AXE.