The females of the three species of Painted Snipes (Rhynchæa) “are not only larger, but much more richly coloured than the males.”[244] With all other birds, in which the trachea differs in structure in the two sexes it is more developed and complex in the male than in the female; but in the _Rhynchæa Australis_ it is simple in the male, whilst in the female it makes four distinct convolutions before entering the lungs.[245] The female therefore of this species has acquired an eminently masculine character. Mr. Blyth ascertained, by examining many specimens, that the trachea is not convoluted in either sex of _R. Bengalensis_, which species so closely resembles _R. Australis_ that it can hardly be distinguished except by its shorter toes. This fact is another striking instance of the law that secondary sexual characters are often widely different in closely-allied forms; though it is a very rare circumstance when such differences relate to the female sex. The young of both sexes of _R. Bengalensis_ in their first plumage are said to resemble the mature male.[246] There is also reason to believe that the male undertakes the duty of incubation, for Mr. Swinhoe[247] found the females before the close of the summer associated in flocks, as occurs with the females of the Turnix. The females of _Phalaropus fulicarius_ and _P. hyperboreus_ are larger, and in their summer plumage “more gaily attired than the males.” But the difference in colour between the sexes is far from conspicuous. The male alone of _P. fulicarius_ undertakes, according to Professor Steenstrup, the duty of incubation, as is likewise shewn by the state of his breast-feathers during the breeding-season. The female of the dotterel plover (_Eudromias morinellus_) is larger than the male, and has the red and black tints on the lower surface, the white crescent on the breast, and the stripes over the eyes, more strongly pronounced. The male also takes at least a share in hatching the eggs; but the female likewise attends to the young.[248] I have not been able to discover whether with these species the young resemble the adult males more closely than the adult females; for the comparison is somewhat difficult to make on account of the double moult.