A few months later in the same year, May, 1903, Leishman reported findings which he considered as degenerated trypanosomes in the spleen pulp of a soldier who died in 1900 at Netley Hospital of dum-dum fever. Although first noting the peculiar bodies in 1900, at the time of making the autopsy, he was at a loss to explain their significance but in 1903, while examining a trypanosome-infected rat, he came to the conclusion that there was a similarity in the parasites of the two infections and published his paper entitled “On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in India.” [Illustration: FIG. 53.—_Leishmania donovani._ Smear from juice after puncture of spleen of case of Indian Kala-azar. (MacNeal from Doflein after Donovan.)] In July, 1903, Donovan reported the finding of similar parasites in material from splenic puncture of cases of dum-dum fever and taken during life. There was much discussion as to the true nature of these leishman, or leishman-donovan bodies, Laveran regarding them as piroplasms while others thought them to be trypanosomes. In 1904 Rogers succeeded in cultivating these parasites in citrated salt solution and noted that the cultural forms were those of flagellates. In 1903, Wright, of Boston, found similar parasites in the granulation tissue of a tropical ulcer in a little Armenian girl. In 1905, Pianese found leishman bodies in smears from liver and spleen of children dying with infantile splenic anaemia in Italy. About the same time Laveran in examining spleen smears made by Cathoire from an infant dying of an undetermined disease in Tunis found these bodies. Later investigations have shown this infantile leishmaniasis to be rather prevalent in the Northern part of Africa and Southern part of Europe. Quite recently it has been determined that not only is the classical oriental sore a form of leishmaniasis but, as well, certain skin ulcerations found in South and Central America, such as espundia and uta in Peru, bubas in Brazil and forest yaws in the Guianas. =Etiology.=—The parasites which cause a general infection in kala-azar and leishmania infantile splenic anaemia but a local one in oriental sore are usually separated as distinct species, _Leishmania donovani_ for kala-azar, _L. infantum_ for infantile splenic anaemia and _L. tropica_ for oriental sore.