perhaps would have occurred, had not the expenditure saved by the abortion of the stamens been directed to the female reproductive organs, so as to give to this form increased fertility. CHAPTER VIII. CLEISTOGAMIC FLOWERS. General character of cleistogamic flowers. List of the genera producing such flowers, and their distribution in the vegetable series. Viola, description of the cleistogamic flowers in the several species; their fertility compared with that of the perfect flowers. Oxalis acetosella. O. sensitiva, three forms of cleistogamic flowers. Vandellia. Ononis. Impatiens. Drosera. Miscellaneous observations on various other cleistogamic plants. Anemophilous species producing cleistogamic flowers. Leersia, perfect flowers rarely developed. Summary and concluding remarks on the origin of cleistogamic flowers. The chief conclusions which may be drawn from the observations in this volume. It was known even before the time of Linnaeus that certain plants produced two kinds of flowers, ordinary open, and minute closed ones; and this fact formerly gave rise to warm controversies about the sexuality of plants. These closed flowers have been appropriately named cleistogamic by Dr. Kuhn. (8/1. ‘Botanische Zeitung’ 1867 page 65.) They are remarkable from their small size and from never opening, so that they resemble buds; their petals are rudimentary or quite aborted; their stamens are often reduced in number, with the anthers of very small size, containing few pollen-grains, which have remarkably thin transparent coats, and generally emit their tubes whilst still enclosed within the anther-cells; and, lastly, the pistil is much reduced in size, with the stigma in some cases hardly at all developed. These flowers do not secrete nectar or emit any odour; from their small size, as well as from the corolla being rudimentary, they are singularly inconspicuous. Consequently insects do not visit them; nor if they did, could they find an entrance. Such flowers are therefore invariably self-fertilised; yet they produce an abundance of seed. In several cases the young capsules bury themselves beneath the ground, and the seeds are there matured. These flowers are developed before, or after, or simultaneously with the perfect ones. Their development seems to be largely governed by the conditions to which the plants are exposed, for during certain seasons or in certain localities only cleistogamic or only perfect flowers are produced.