which Rawlinson himself entertained doubts, have been cleared up; but it rarely happens even in these that the original translation was in fault as to the general meaning. The long list of commentators begins with Benfey, whose tract on the subject was sent to the press in January 1847, when he could only have seen the first part of Rawlinson’s work. Some of Benfey’s suggestions have been accepted, others definitely rejected. A few instances will illustrate the nature and extent of the earliest attempt at revision. Almost the first error occurs in Column I. par. 10, where we find: ‘The troubles of the state ceased which Bardius excited.’ Rawlinson warns us that ‘this sentence cannot be read with any certainty,’ on account of a blank in the inscription, and the doubt attaching to the word ‘azada.’ Benfey derives this word from the Sanscrit ‘ajatá,’ which signifies ‘deprived of children,’ and he translates the passage: ‘The kingdom was deprived of heirs because Bardius was killed.’[586] But this alteration turned out to be quite unauthorised. ‘Azda,’ as the word is now written, is identified with the Armenian ‘azd,’ ‘information,’ corresponding to the Sanscrit ‘addhâ,’ ‘certain’; and Rawlinson himself corrected the passage in 1873 to ‘It was not known to the state that Bardius was killed.’ The accepted version given by Spiegel is ‘The army had no information that Bardius was killed.’[587] Soon after, we are told that ‘Cambyses, unable to endure his [misfortunes], died’ (par. 11). Benfey attributes his death to ‘overwhelming anger’ (übergrossem Zorn); but Oppert showed that the word really means ‘suicide.’ In 1873, Rawlinson had made the rectification himself.[588] Not more happy was the substitution of ‘Liebet mich’ for the often repeated exclamation Rawlinson renders ‘Hail to thee!’ and which properly signifies ‘Go forth!’ as Rawlinson said in 1873.