'Chronic Pneumonia--(Gray Induration.)' Inspiration or expiration interrupted, cough unfrequent; suppressed; rarely with expectoration; always interrupted. Complete absence of respiratory murmur. 'Softening of the Induration, Ulcerations, Vomicæ, &c.' Mucous and wheezing; mucous râle in the bronchia; discharge from the nostrils of purulent matter, white, gray, or black, and sometimes fetid. Paleness of the mucous membranes. The animal seldom lies down, and never long at a time. Death by suffocation, when the matter proceeding from the vomicæ, or abscesses, obstructs the bronchial passages, or by the development of an acute inflammation engrafted upon the chronic one. CHAPTER XII. ANATOMY OF THE GULLET, STOMACH, AND INTESTINES: TETANUS; ENTERITIS; PERITONITIS; COLIC; CALCULUS IN THE INTESTINES: INTUSSUSCEPTION; DIARRHOEA; DYSENTERY; COSTIVENESS; DROPSY; THE LIVER; JAUNDICE; THE SPLEEN AND PANCREAS; INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEY; CALCULUS; INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER; RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER; WORMS: FISTULA IN THE ANUS. The 'oesophagus', or gullet, of the dog, is constructed in nearly the same manner as that of the horse. It consists of a similar muscular tube passing down the neck and through the chest, and terminating in the stomach, in which the process of digestion is commenced. The orifice by which the gullet enters the stomach is termed the 'cardia', probably on account of its neighbourhood to the heart or its sympathy with it. It is constantly closed, except when the food is passing through it into the stomach. The 'stomach' has three coats: the outermost, which is the common covering of all the intestines, called the peritoneum; the second or muscular coat, consisting of two layers of fibres, by which a constant motion is communicated to the stomach, mingling the food, and preparing it for digestion; and the mucous or villous, where the work of digestion properly commences, the mouths of numerous little vessels opening upon it, which exude the gastric juice, to mix with the food already softened, and to convert it into a fluid called the chyme. It is a simpler apparatus than in the horse or in cattle. It is occasionally the primary seat of inflammation: and it almost invariably sympathises with the affections of the other intestines. The successive contractions of each portion of the stomach, expose by turns every portion of the alimentary mass to the influence of the gastric juice, and each is gradually discharged into the alimentary canal. As the chyme is formed, it passes out of the other orifice of the stomach, and enters the first intestine or 'duodenum'.