Into the history of the dyeing of Turkey red it is not intended to enter, those who are interested in the subject should refer to old works on dyeing; nor is it intended to speak of old methods of producing it with the aid of madder, but rather to give some of the most modern methods for dyeing it with alizarine. Many processes differing somewhat in detail have been devised for dyeing Turkey red on cotton, and it is probable that no two Turkey-red dyers work exactly alike. It is difficult to produce the most perfect red, and a very great deal of care in carrying out the various operations is necessary to obtain it. This care and the number of operations makes Turkey red an expensive colour to dye, and so shorter methods are in use which dye a red on cotton that is cheaper, but not so brilliant or fast as a true Turkey red. _Process_ 1.--This process is perhaps the most elaborate of all processes, but it yields a fine red. The process is applicable to cloth or yarn, although naturally the machinery used will vary to suit the different conditions of the material. Bleached yarn or cloth may be treated, although a full bleach is not necessary, but the cloth or yarn must be clean or well scoured, so that it is free from grease and other impurities. Operation 1. Boil the cotton for six to eight hours with a carbonate of soda lye at 1 deg. Tw. in a kier at ordinary pressure, then wash well, wring, or, better, hydro-extract. Operation 2. First "greening": What is called the "first green liquor" is prepared by taking 15 lb. of gallipoli oil, 3 lb. phosphate of soda and 15 lb. carbonate of soda, the liquor to stand at 2 deg. Tw. Originally this "liquor" was made with sheep dung, but this is now omitted. The cotton is worked in this liquor, which is kept at 100 deg. F., until it is thoroughly impregnated, then it is taken out, squeezed and dried, or in some cases piled overnight and then stoved. Operation 3. Second green liquor. As before. Operation 4. Third green liquor. As before. Operation 5. A carbonate of soda liquor of 2 deg. Tw. strength is prepared, and the cotton steeped in this until it is thoroughly impregnated, then it is wrung out and stoved. This is called "white liquor treatment". Operation 6. Second white liquor. As before. Operation 7. Steeping: Prepare a bath of water at 150 deg. F., and steep for twelve hours, then wring and dry. Operation 8. Sumacing: A liquor is made from 12 lb. sumac with water, and after straining from undissolved sumac leaves the liquor is made to stand at 2 deg. Tw., this is kept at about a 100 deg. F., and the cotton is well worked in it and allowed to steep for four hours, after which it is taken out and wrung. Operation 9. Mordanting or aluming: 20 lb. of alum are dissolved in hot water, and 5 lb. of soda crystals are slowly added in order to prepare a basic alum solution; this is now made by the addition of water to stand at 8 deg. Tw.