1774--repealed additional duty on calicoes (1714) and prohibition of printed calicoes (1736), 93; 1783--gave bounties on export of printed cottons, 197_n._ Agriculture, many labourers from, become weavers, 144 Aikin, _Description of Country round Manchester_, 25, 26, 28, 59, 60, 62, 121_n._, 136_n._, 138, 139_n._, 161_n._; _England Delineated_, 58_n._; _England Described_, 58_n._ Ainsworth, P., & Son, 170 Ainsworth, R., bleacher, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167, 182 Ainsworth, T., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167, 177, 178; evidence in support of Crompton’s appeal, 178, 179-182, 183, 184, 189-191 Ainsworth, T., & Co., 170 America. See Wars, Cotton Antwerp, cloth market, xxv. Arkwright, Richard, first patent (1769) for roller-spinning, 1, 29, 76, 79, 80, 97, 100, 114, 122_n._, 172, 179, 186; improved upon earlier carding-machines, 77-78; inventor of crank and comb device, 78, 107; second patent (1775) for carding-machine, 81, 100, 106-107; brought roller-spinning and machine-carding into use, 111-112; his machines produced hard thread suitable for warps, 117, 124; his indebtedness to previous inventors, 107, 108-111; not inventor of roller-spinning or roving-machine, 110; application of steam-power to his machines, 81; his profits from patent machinery, 100, 172, 179, 186; erected factory at Cromford, 81, 100; other factories, 100, 112; capital invested in his and partners’ factories, 100; concerned in erection of New Lanark Mills, 106, 112; alleged to have aimed at cotton monopoly, 112; alleged intention of discovering Crompton’s secret, 116_n._; secured modification of Acts of 1714 and 1721, 43, 93, 100; left Lancashire, 82, 98; his machinery destroyed, 82-88; antagonism to, 89, 92, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 119, 120; began actions for infringements of patents, 93, 100, 101, 102, 120; first trial and unfavourable verdict, 1781, 102, 119; second patent cancelled, 102, 110, 119, 121, 124, 144; successful action of 1785, 103-105, 119, 121; agitation to reverse verdict of second trial (1785), 105; third trial (1785) of validity of second patent, 106-109, 119; discussion of his machinery in third trial, 106-110; character of, 111, 118; as successful man of business, 97-98, 112, 118; _Case_ of (1782), 102; _Patent Trial_ of, 92_n._, 100_n._, 102_n._, 107_n._, 108_n._, 109_n._, 111_n._ Arkwright, son of Richard A., subscribed to public subscription for Crompton, 185 Artisans, superior, called small farmers by Radcliffe, 142; superior, rent land as accessory to industry, 139-140, 142; abandon agriculture for work at loom, 141; benefit from inventions, 140; inferior, entirely dependent on industry, 139-140; raised in social status by new industry, 140-141