The early history of the HebrewsSayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
History
The early history of the Hebrews
Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry)
Bible. Old Testament -- Criticism, interpretation, etc.; Jews -- History -- To 953 B.C.
At all events, the story must have been written by one who was well
acquainted with the age of the Hyksos. It is true that an attempt has
recently been made, on the strength of certain proper names, to show
that it is not the Egypt of the Hyksos that is described, but the Egypt
of Shishak and his successors. The names of Potipherah or Potiphar and
Asenath are said to have been unknown before that date. A couple of
proper names, however, is an insecure foundation on which to build a
theory, more especially when the argument rests upon the imperfections
of our own knowledge. That no names corresponding in formation to
Potipherah and Asenath should as yet have been met with earlier than the
time of Shishak is no proof that they did not exist. A single example of
each is sufficient to prove the contrary. And, as a matter of fact, such
examples actually occur. A stela of the reign of Thothmes III. records
the name of Pe-tu-Baal, ‘the Gift of Baal,’ as that of the sixth
ancestor of the Egyptian whose name it records;[98] while the Tel
el-Amarna tablets contain the name of Subanda, the Smendes of Greek
writers, which is an exact parallel in form to Asenath.[99] Pe-tu-Baal
must have lived at the close of the Hyksos period, and the Semitic deity
with whose name his own is compounded indicates that it has been formed
under Semitic influence. It was, in fact, as we learn from the Phœnician
inscriptions, an imitation of a Canaanitish name.[100] The Hyksos had
come from Asia, and had imposed their yoke upon Egypt, where they ruled
for more than five hundred years. Though they held all Egypt under their
sway, they had established their capital at Zoan, now called Sân, far to
the north on the eastern frontier of the Delta. Here they were near
their kinsfolk in Canaan, and could readily summon fresh troops from
Asia in case of Egyptian revolt.
The court of the Hyksos Pharaohs, however, soon became Egyptianised.
They adopted the arts and science, the manners and customs, of their
more cultured subjects, and one of the few scientific works of ancient
Egypt that have come down to us—the famous _Mathematical Papyrus_—was
written for a Hyksos king. It was only in physiognomy and religion that
the Hyksos conqueror continued to be distinguished from the native
Egyptian.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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