Zimmer, Heinrich, _Ueber Bedeutung des irischen Elements für die Mittelliche Kultur_ (Preuss. Jahrbuch, lix, 1887), English translation by Miss Edmands under the title _Irish Element in Medieval Culture_, New York, 1891. A most interesting essay containing a wonderful accumulation of facts with reference to Irish schools and scholars on the Continent, but unfortunately without a bibliography, or references. The names of a few additional authorities consulted or cited appear in the footnotes. FOOTNOTES: [1] Hyde, Douglas, _Literary History of Ireland_, p. 122. [2] Cited by George Coffey, _Bronze Age in Ireland_, pp. 2, 3. [3] Coffey, George, _op. cit._ pp. 6–99. [4] Joyce, Patrick W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., p. 556. [5] Coffey, George, _op. cit._ p. 2. [6] Coffey, George, _New Grange and other Incised Tumuli_, p. 62. [7] Coffey, George, _The Bronze Age in Ireland_, pp. 2, 27. [8] O’Donovan, John, _Annals of the Four Masters_, I., p. 132. [9] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 14. [10] Ginnell, Laurence, _Article on the Brehon Laws_, in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, IV., p. 488. [11] Quoted by Douglas Hyde in _A Literary History of Ireland_, p. 134. [12] _Liber Ardmachanus_ or _Book of Armagh_, edited by John Gwynn, p. 9. [13] Stokes, Whitley, _Tripartite Life of St. Patrick_, II., p. 284. [14] Joyce, Patrick W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., p. 402. [15] The Brehon Laws have been edited and translated and published in five volumes with the title _The Ancient Laws of Ireland_. [16] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 403, who cites Petrie’s _Tara_, p. 38. [17] See Chapter IV. for a brief account of the Irish Lay Schools. [18] See under _Prosody_, O’Donovan’s _Irish Grammar_. [19] See Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., p. 316. [20] _Cosmographia Aethici Istri_, edited by H. Wuttke, Leipsic, 1854. Cited by Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 404. Cited by Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 11. Cited by Wood-Martin, _Pagan Ireland_, p. 84. [21] See Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., p. 397. [22] For the geographical distribution of Ogam inscriptions see Coffey, George, _Guide to Celtic Antiquities_, pp. 101–106. [23] Perhaps the best division of the Irish language into periods is that given by Eoin MacNeill in _Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge_, May, 1908. Pre-Ogam, before 300 A.D. Ogam, c. 300(?)–700(?) A.D. The Old Irish of the MSS. from 600(?)–1000(?) A.D. Middle Irish, 1000–1500 A.D. Modern Irish, 1500–Present Day. During the present study we shall frequently use the words Old Irish to connote the Period including the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries. [24] Quiggin, E. C., _Article on Ogam_ in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, vol. v., pp. 622–623. [25] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 398–399. [26] MacNeill, Eoin, Article _Irish Ogam Inscriptions_ in the _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, July, 1909. [27] Bury, J. B., _Life of St. Patrick_, p. 10.