[476] The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry. [477] Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection. [478] Lecky, _Rationalism in Europe_, III., p. 5. [479] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, p. 62; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 369. [480] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 569–571. [481] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 571. [482] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, pp. 62–63. [483] _Annals of the Four Masters_, I., sub anno 784 A.D. [484] Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870. [485] _Dictionary of National Biography_, XV., pp. 48–49. [486] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 283. [487] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. XV., pp. 49–50. [488] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, pp. 55–56. [489] Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, Vol. XIII., p. 396. [490] Turner, Wm. _op. cit._ p. 396. [491] _Poetae Aevi Carolini_, III., p. 691. [492] In the _Valenciennes Codex_, 386, pp. 73–76, cited by Turner, _ibid._ [493] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 395. [494] Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tom. 105, p. 477. [495] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 383. [496] Turner, W., _op. cit._ p. 392. [497] Pertz, _Monumenta Germaniae Historica_, Leg. I., p. 249. Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, App. VIII., p. 205. Muratori, _Antiquitates Italicae_, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43. [498] Stokes, Margaret, _ibid._ [499] _Poetae Caroli_, I., pp. 396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511. [500] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 392. [501] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 11. [502] Entitled _Dungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias_. [503] Cited by Lanigan in _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_, III., Chap. XX. [504] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 391. [505] Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, p. 213. [506] For list see Miss Stokes, _op. cit._ pp. 296–297. [507] Muratori, _Antiquitates Italicae_, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821. [508] See Stokes, Margaret, _op. cit._ p. 216 for contents. [509] About 90 of his poems are published by Traube, _Poetae Aev. Carl._ [510] See his tract _Artem Euticii Grammatici_ in Traube’s _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.