[117] We may remark here that it is not surprising that there should be a number of motte castles which are never mentioned in history, especially as it is certain that all the "adulterine" castles, which were raised without royal permission in the rebellions of Stephen's and other reigns, were very short-lived. [118] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, i., 18. See Mr Round's remarks on Mr Clark's vagueness in his "Castles of the Conquest," _Archæologia_, 1902. [119] The _A.-S. C._ speaks of this Danish host as "a great heathen army." 866. [120] "Worhton other fæsten ymb hie selfe." The same language is frequently used in the continental accounts of the Danish fortresses: "Munientes se per gyrum avulsæ terræ aggere," _Dudo_, 155 (Duchesne): "Se ex illis (sepibus et parietibus) _circumdando_ munierant." _It._, p. 81. [121] The earthworks at Bayford Court must belong to the mediæval castle which existed there. See _Beauties of England and Wales, Kent_, p. 698. Castle Rough is less than an acre in area. [122] Mr Harold Sands, _Some Kentish Castles_, p. 10. [123] See the plan in _Victoria History of Kent_, paper on Earthworks by the late Mr I. C. Gould. Hasted states that there was a small circular mount there as well as an embankment, and that there are other remains in the marsh below, which seem to have been connected with the former by a narrow ridge or causeway, _Kent_, iii., 117. The causeway led to a similar mount in the marsh below, but Mr Gould inclined to think the mounts and causeway later, and possibly part of a dam for "inning" the marsh. _V. C. H._, p. 397. [124] "Hæsten's Camps at Shoebury and Benfleet," _Essex Naturalist_, iv., 153. [125] The _Chronicle_ says that the ships of Hæsten were either broken to pieces, or burnt, or taken to London or Rochester. 894. [126] _Essex Naturalist_, as above, p. 151. These berms certainly suggest Roman influence. [127] _A.-S. C._, 894. [128] _Montgomery Collections_, xxxi., 337; Dymond, _On the Site of Buttington_. See also Steenstrup, _Normannerne_, ii., 80. [129] _Beauties of England and Wales_, vii., 246. There is nothing left either at Great or Little Amwell now but fragments of what are supposed to be homestead moats. _Royal Commission on Historical Monuments_, pp. 95, 142, Herts. vol. [130] Florence's date. [131] _Victoria History of Bedfordshire_, i., 282, from which this description is taken. [132] The _Chronicle_ speaks of _Tempsford_ as a _burh_, so it must have been a large enclosure. [133] Mr Clark actually speaks of a subsequent Norman castle at Tempsford (_M. M. A._, i., 78), but we have been unable to find any confirmation of this. Faint traces of larger works in the fields below were formerly visible. _V. C. H. Bedfordshire_. [134] Stephenson's _Asser_, p. 27.