[157] Professor Maitland wrote: "The definitely feudal idea that military service is the tenant's return for the gift of land did not exist [before the Norman Conquest], though a state of things had been evolved which for many practical purposes was indistinguishable from the system of knight's fees." _Domesday Book and Beyond_, p. 157. Dr Round holds that "the military service of the Anglo-Norman tenant-in-chief was in no way derived or developed from that of the Anglo-Saxons, but was arbitrarily fixed by the king, from whom he received his fief." _Feudal England_, p. 261. Similarly, Professor Vinogradoff states that "the law of military fees is in substance French law brought over to England by the [Norman] conquerors." _English Society in the 11th Century_, p. 41. [158] Giesebrecht, _Geschichte der Kaiserzeit_, i., 224. The word _Burg_, which Giesebrecht uses for these strongholds, means a castle in modern German; but its ancient meaning was a town (see Hilprecht's _German Dictionary_), and it corresponded exactly to the Anglo-Saxon _burh_. It was used in this sense at least as late as the end of the 12th century; see, _e.g._, Lamprecht's _Alexanderlied_, passim. It is clear by the context that Giesebrecht employs it in its ancient sense. [159] _Ibid._, 222. Henry's son Otto married a daughter of Edward the Elder. Henry received the nickname of Townfounder (Städtegründer). [160] "Carolus civitates Transsequanas ab incolis firmari rogavit, Cinomannis scilicet et Turonis, ut præsidio contra Nortmannos _populis_ esse possent." _Annales Bertinianorum_, Migne, Pat., 125, 53. [161] Flodoard, _Hist. Ecc. Remensis_, iv., viii. [162] Modern historians generally say that he built the _castle_ of Coucy; but from Flodoard's account it seems very doubtful whether anything but the town is meant. _Annales_, iv., xiii. His words are: "Munitionem quoque apud Codiciacum tuto loco constituit atque firmavit." _Munitio_ properly means a bulwark or wall. [163] _Gesta Episcop. Cameracensium_, Pertz, vii., 424. [164] _Chron. Camarense et Atrebatorum_, Bouquet, x., 196. [165] Sismondi, _Histoire des Français_, ii., 172. [166] Guizot, _Histoire de la Civilisation en France_, iii., 311. [167] Enlart, _Manuel d'Archæologie Française_, ii., 494. [168] See Dr Haverfield's articles in the _Victoria County Histories_, passim. The late J. H. Burton justly wrote: "We have nothing from the Romans answering to the feudal stronghold or castle, no vestige of a place where a great man lived apart with his family and his servants, ruling over dependants and fortifying himself against enemies." _History of Scotland_, i., 385. [169] _Annals of Fulda_, 394, Pertz, i. [170] _Cap. Regum Francor._, ii., 360.