[194] _Dunio_ is subsequently explained by Lambert as _motte_: "Motam altissimam sive dunionem eminentem in munitionis signum firmavit." _Lamberti Ardensis_, p. 613. It is the same word as the Saxon _dun_, a hill (preserved in our South Downs), and has no connection with the Irish and Gaelic _dun_, which is cognate with the German _zaun_, a hedge, A.-S. _tun_, and means a hedged or fortified place. The form _dange_ appears in Northern France, and this seems to be the origin of the word _domgio_ or _dangio_ which we find in the chroniclers, the modern form of which is _donjon_. If we accept this etymology, we must believe that the word _dunio_ or _domgio_ was originally applied to the hill, and not to the tower on the hill, to which it was afterwards transferred. It is against this view that Ordericus, writing some fifty years before Lambert, uses the form _dangio_ in the sense of a tower. Professor Skeat and the _New English Dictionary_ derive the word _donjon_ or _dungeon_ from Low Lat. _domnionem_, acc. of _domnio_, thus connecting it with _dominus_, as the seignorial residence. [195] Ducange conjectured that the motte-castle took its origin in Flanders, but it was probably the passage cited above from Lambert which led him to this conclusion. See art. "Mota" in Ducange's _Glossarium_. [196] Steenstrup, _Normannerne_, i., 297. [197] _Ibid._, i., 301. [198] _England and Normandy_, ii., 535. [199] "Muros et propugnacula civitatum refecit et augmentavit." _Dudo_, p. 85 (Duchesne's edition). [200] "Henricus rex circa turrem Rothomagi, _quam ædificavit primus Richardus dux Normannorum in palatium sibi_, murum altum et latum cum propugnaculis ædificat." _Robert of Toringy_, R.S., p. 106. [201] _Ordericus_, ii., 15, 17, 46 (edition Prévost). [202] _William of Jumièges_, anno 1035. Mr Freeman remarks that the language of William would lead us to suppose that the practice of castle-building was new. [203] There are some facts which render it probable that the earliest castles built in Normandy were without mottes, and were simple enclosures like those we have described already. Thus the castle of the great family of Montgomeri is an enclosure of this simple kind. Domfront, built by William Talvas in Duke Robert's time, has no motte. On the other hand, Ivry, built by the Countess Albereda in Duke Richard I.'s days, "on the top of a hill overlooking the town" (William of Jumièges), may possibly have been a motte; and there is a motte at Norrei, which we have just mentioned as an early Norman castle. [204] _Manuel d'Archæologie Française_, p. 457.