of attack upon Philip, in which he had the support of Flanders and the Empire, he made another expedition, but it also ended in a truce by which some small fragments of Eleanor’s inheritance were preserved to her grandchildren. [Sidenote: Separation of England and Normandy. ] Thus then, after a union of a hundred and forty years, Normandy was separated from England. During a portion of those years,--the reigns of William Rufus and part of that of Henry I.,--they had been under different rulers, but they had been administered on the same principles and for the same interest all the time. The English had been ruled by Norman lords; their laws, institutions, customs, had been remodeled under Norman influences. But they had grown under and through the discipline. So far as English and Normans united, the Norman element gave strength, order, discipline to the English; so far as they were in opposition the Norman tyranny had called forth in the English patience, perseverance, and a sense of nationality which they had not shown before. The people had had to make common cause with the king against the Norman feudalism, and they had done this until their support became absolutely necessary to the royal power. Gradually the baronage were learning the like lesson; disciplined and educated under the royal training, they were finding that they were one in interest with the people; and that, as the royal power was becoming too great for either, the two might in time combine to curb it. They were becoming themselves more English--more English perhaps in blood, more English in the possession of English lands and by the gradual devolution of Norman lands into other hands; ready to be quite English when once they lost their Norman incumbrances. So when the time came for the barons who had lands in both countries to make their choice between John and Philip, the division was effected with little noise and less trouble. The Norman barons and prelates gave up their English lands, and the English--for henceforth these have a right to the name of English--barons and prelates gave up their Norman lands. There was very little internal division in Normandy itself, and Walter of Coutances, who had been Richard’s prime minister and justiciar, died a contented subject of Philip. The separation did much for England. Henceforth the king is mainly if not solely King of England, and the welfare of England the main if not the sole object of English counsels. It was Normandy that, by the exchange of masters, lost the share of the benefits won from John. Yet Normandy was for ages freer than the rest of France, in consequence of her early discipline under the house of Rollo, one part of which was the policy which made her run in harness with the English people. But to detail all the benefits of the separation would be to anticipate very much of the later history. [Sidenote: Hubert Walter. ]