embodied in an important act called “The articles upon the charters.” In consequence of these the survey of the forests was made and the report of the survey presented to a parliament held at Lincoln in January, 1301, at which all the old animosities threatened to revive, and the barons, backed by the commons, and with Archbishop Winchelsey at their head, subjected the king to a pressure which he felt most bitterly and never forgave. [Sidenote: Papal claims over Scotland. ] [Sidenote: Quarrel of Edward with Archbishop Winchelsey. ] Again he was in grievous want of money. The Pope had claimed the overlordship of Scotland, and it was of the utmost importance that he should receive a united and unhesitating answer from the assembled nation. In spite of all the concessions that Edward had made so reluctantly, showing by his very reluctance that he intended to keep them, a new list of articles was presented as conditions on which money would be granted. Nay, even if the king agreed to the articles, the Archbishop, on the part of the clergy, would consent to no grant that the Pope had not sanctioned. Again Edward yielded, although he refused to admit the article in which the Pope’s consent was mentioned. It was by thus yielding probably, that he obtained from the whole assembled baronage a distinct denial of the Papal claims over Scotland. But the prelates and clergy did not join in the letter addressed in consequence to the Pope; and Edward, putting the two things together, chose to regard the archbishop as a traitor in intention if not in act. The knight who had presented to him the articles at Lincoln, was sent for a short time to prison, as a concession perhaps to Walter Langton, whose dismissal had been asked for. Winchelsey’s punishment was delayed as long as Pope Boniface lived; but, when Clement V. in 1305 succeeded him, the Archbishop was formally accused, summoned to Rome, and suspended, nor was he allowed to return to England during the remainder of the reign. This quarrel is a sad comment on the conduct of two great men, both of whom had at heart the welfare of England; but if the balance must be struck between them, it inclines in favor of Edward. He may have been somewhat vindictive, but his adversary had taken cruel advantages of his needs, had credited him with unworthy motives, and with a guile of which he knew himself to be innocent; and the archbishop had, in order to humiliate him, laid him open to the most arrogant assumptions on the part of the Pope. Winchelsey wished to be a second Langton; Edward was not, and was incapable of becoming, a second John. [Sidenote: Edward and the foreign merchants. ] [Sidenote: The New Custom. ]