The Earth's BeginningBall, Robert S. (Robert Stawell)
Science
The Earth's Beginning
Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell)
Krakatoa (Indonesia); Nebular hypothesis
We may illustrate the case we have supposed by the movement of the moon
around the earth. If the centre of the earth be considered to be at the
centre of rotation the moon may be considered to be in the position of
the postage stamp. As our satellite revolves, the same side of the moon
is continually turned towards the earth, but this is due to the fact
that the moon, at each moment, really possesses two movements, namely, a
movement of translation of its centre, in a direction perpendicular to
the line from the moon’s centre to the earth’s centre, coupled with a
slow rotation of the moon round its axis.
The contracting nebula we may liken to our piece of cardboard, the stamp
will represent the spot in which the nebulous material has contracted to
form the planet, and the position of the bradawl is the centre of the
sun. As we have seen by our illustration, the nebulous planet is endowed
with a certain movement of rotation, the period of its rotation on its
axis being equal to that of its revolution around the centre; and it is
important also to notice that both these movements take place in the
same direction.
Thus we see from the nebular theory how the primæval nebula, in the
course of its contraction, originated a planet, and how that planet was
also endowed with a movement of rotation; its period of rotation being
originally equal to the period of rotation of the whole nebula. This
explains how the planet, or rather the materials which are to form the
future planet, derived from the nebula their movement of rotation, which
must have been extremely slow in the beginning. As the contraction
continued, the materials of the gradually growing globe drew themselves
together, and tended to become separate from the surrounding nebula. At
length the time arrived when the planet became sufficiently isolated
from the rest of the nebula to permit the conservation of moment of
momentum to be applied to it individually. Thus, though the rotation was
at first excessively slow, yet, as the contraction proceeded, and as the
parts of the forming planet drew themselves closer together, in
consequence of their mutual attractions, it became necessary that the
speed with which these parts accomplished their revolutions should be
accelerated. At last, when the planet had become consolidated, and when
consequently the mutual distances of the several particles constituting
the planet had been reduced to but a fraction of what those distances
were originally, the speed of the planet’s rotation had become
enormously increased. In this manner we learn how, from the very slow
rotation which the nebulous material had at first, a solid planet may be
made to rotate on its axis as rapidly as the planets in the solar system
do to-day.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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