Small amounts of phosphorus are common in igneous rocks, in the form of the mineral apatite (calcium phosphate with calcium chloride or fluoride). Apatite is especially abundant in some pegmatites. In a few places, as in the Adirondacks where magnetic concentration of iron ores leaves a residue containing much apatite, and in Canada and Spain where veins of apatite have been mined, this material is used as a source of phosphate fertilizer. The great bulk of the world's phosphate, however, is obtained from other sources--sedimentary and residual beds described below. Phosphorus in the rocks is dissolved in one form or another by the ground-waters; a part of it is taken up by land plants and animals for the building of their tissues, and another part goes in solution to the sea to be taken up by sea plants and animals. In places where the bones and excrements of land animals or the shells and droppings of sea animals accumulate, deposits of phosphatic material may be built up. In certain places where great numbers of sea birds congregate, as on desert coasts and oceanic islands, guano deposits have been formed. Some of them, like the worked-out deposits of Peru and Chile, are in arid climates and have been well preserved. Others, like those of the West Indies and Oceania, are subjected to the action of occasional rains; and to a large extent the phosphates have been leached out, carried down, and reprecipitated, permeating and partially replacing the underlying limestones. In this way deposits have been formed containing as high as 85 per cent calcium phosphate. Even more important bodies of phosphates have been produced by the accumulation of marine animal remains, probably with the aid of joint chemical, bacterial, and mechanical precipitation. These processes have formed the chief productive deposits of the world, including those of the United States, northern Africa, and Russia, and also the phosphatic iron ores of England and central Europe. The sedimentary features of many phosphate rocks, particularly their oolitic textures, show a marked similarity to the features of the Clinton type of iron ores (pp. 166-167).