[35] The yield in the district of Ostrogozhsk represents pretty nearly the average for Russia, as can be shown by the following figures: _Yield of Rye per Acre._ _Seed = 1._ _Per cent._ All over Russia 4.5 100 In Ostrogozhsk 4.5 100 In the U. S. (1890) 6.1 135 (_Cf. Reports, etc._, by J. A. Dodge, p. 480; _Comparative Statistics of Russia_, by Prof. J. E. Janson, p. 74). [36] _Cf. Statistical Reports_, Vol. IV., part I., pp. 97, 98; Vol. V., part I., pp. 106-109; Vol. VI., part I., pp. 144-146. [37] In reality, the deficit is far greater, inasmuch as a part of the receipts came from the produce raised on rented land. It must also be noticed that taxes are not included in the expenses. [38] This can be inferred from the table on the next page: +--------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | | Farmers buying rye | | | | | and flour. | To the | Deficit of | | +--------+-----------+ amount | farming in | | Districts. | |Percentage | of |the district| | |Number. | to the | rubles. | (rubles). | | | |population.| | | +--------------+--------+-----------+---------+------------+ |Korotoyak | 3,368 | 16 | 31,481 | 42,310 | |Nizhnedevitzk | 7,238 | 36 | 84,473 | 70,103 | +--------------+--------+-----------+---------+------------+ _Ibid._, Vol. V., part I., p. 107, columns 89, 92, 93; Vol. VI., part I., p. 145, col. 151, 154, 155. The quantity of bread consumed by a peasant family in a year amounting to 57 _poods_ upon an average (l. c., vol. IV., part I., p. 97, col. 75-76, total), the deficit of bread in a year of ordinary crops figures as follows: _Households buying _Deficit of _Districts._ bread, per cent._ bread, per cent._ Ostrogozhsk 58 54 Zadonsk 41 44 (_Ibid._, Vol. II., part I., p. 223, col. 58, 59; Vol. IV., part I., p. 97, col. 77-82.) [39] Cf. _Statistical Reports for Borisoglebsk District, Gubernia of Tamboff_, Appendix, pp. 86-87. Every budget was made out upon the statement of the householder, in the presence of his neighbors, who were thoroughly cognizant of the income and expenses of the house; the data are therefore perfectly trustworthy. (_Ibid._, and also page 28.) The budgets are produced in full in the Appendix below. [40] 1 ruble in gold = $0.80. Still there is no gold in circulation in Russia. The paper ruble, since the Turkish war of 1877-78, is worth only 60 per cent. of its nominal value, _i. e._, 1.00 paper ruble = $0.50. The purchasing power of one ruble is however equal to that of one dollar in New York. [41] CONSUMPTION.