[193] This economic revolution seems to be one of more than merely national import. Up to the present day the American farmer has met the Russian peasant on the international market, either as small farmer, or as cultivator of the greater part of the landlords’ property. In this competition the greater economy of labor and the cheaper methods of transportation secured the prize to the American producer. From now on the mortgaged American farmer will have to stand the competition of the Russian capitalist. It hardly needs a prophet to foretell that the breakdown of the Russian peasantry will hasten the decay of small agriculture in America. [194] Landless households and members thereof are not counted here. [195] Here are included those possessing their land partly on the basis of communism, and partly quarterly. [196] This group was formed from the serfs who had belonged to petty gentlemen; this small class of serfs was reduced in 1861 from private serfdom to state serfdom, or, as it was called, to the class of state peasants. In 1866 it shared the lot of the emancipated state peasants. Thus, by its historical origin, this group should be classed among former serfs, while by title of possession its members were hereditary tenants like the rest of the former state peasants. Nowadays they likewise enjoy the right of purchasing their land in property. [197] Redemption tax, corvée, taille, or rent paid to the state by the former state peasants. [198] The translation differs from the original in the systematic arrangement of the entries, which has been adapted to the purposes of the present discussion. [199] In the winter, cows as well as horses are fed mostly with straw mixed with flour. Oats is given to horses only in the season of farm work or in case of carrying. [200] Milk, butter, cheese, as well as cabbage and cucumbers, which are produced exclusively for domestic consumption, are not included in the debits or in the credits. [201] The single items are not quoted in detail, since they are very similar to those already produced in Budget I. [202] Among the entries of which this sum is made up, we notice a yearly expense of 1.80 rubles for 1 pound of tea, and 1.00 ruble for 5 pounds of sugar a year. [203] The boys go barefoot, and have no clothing but shirts; no pants, nor overcoats. [204] It is peculiar to read among the entries “For horseshoeing (only the fore feet), 0.60.”