+------------------------------+--------+-------------+-------+-------+ | | |Total extent.| | | | | +-------+-----+ | To 1 | | Estates with large farming. | Number | | |Average|horse, | | | of |Dessia-| Per |Dessia-|Dessia-| | |estates.| tines.|cent.|tines. |tines. | +------------------------------+--------+-------+-----+-------+-------+ |_Property of the nobility_: | | | 100 | | | | | | +-----+ | | |With working horses | 88 | 78814 | 87 | 896 | 62 | |Without working horses | 35 | 11409 | 13 | 326 | .. | | | | | | | | |_Property of the capitalists_:| | | 100 | | | | | | +-----+ | | |With working horses | 54 | 17597 | 91 | 326 | 44 | |Without working horses | 13 | 1794 | 9 | 138 | .. | +------------------------------+--------+-------+-----+-------+-------+ The displacement of the laborer’s live stock and implements by the owner’s stock, while it fosters the introduction of improved implements,[174] replaces on the other hand the small farmer by the proletarian. In fact, proletarian labor is employed by the capitalist on estates where the noble owner would confine himself to the services of the small farmer: +----------------------------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+ | | | Average| | To 1 | | Estates with large | Number | size, |Permanently|laborer | | agriculture. | of |(Dessia-| employed |(Dessia-| | |estates.| tines).| (males). |tines). | +----------------------------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+ | _Property of the nobility_:| | | | | |Proletarian labor employed | 112 | 783 | 1956 | 45 | | ” ” not employed| 11 | 233 | .. | .. | | _Property of the | | | | | | capitalist class_: | | | | | |Proletarian labor employed | 50 | 351 | 398 | 48 | | ” ” not employed| 17 | 108 | .. | .. | +----------------------------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+ To sum up, it is thanks solely to the obstinate persistence of backward methods in Russian agriculture that the nobility is able to maintain its position. The biggest of the aristocratic landlords are the only ones who can keep on capitalizing a part of their net income.[175]