18. _The Emerald ones_ ⁂⁂⁂⁂, those who are in the emerald light of the dawn. The sun rises (Chapter 109) through two sycomores of emerald. 19. _Which have the force of purification_ ⁂⁂⁂⁂. The syllable _āb_ expresses the word signifying _horn_ as well as that signifying _purification_. The vignettes of the chapter which are here given from different authorities are explained in their proper place. ----- Footnote 98: See M. Naville’s remarks, _Einleitung_, p. 156. Footnote 99: _Mission Arch._, I, p. 125. Footnote 100: Also written = ⁂⁂ (_Unas_, 422 and elsewhere). Footnote 101: The garden is also called ⁂⁂⁂. Another form is ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ (_Pepi_ I, 309). Footnote 102: ⁂⁂ _Nebseni_, ⁂⁂ _Sutimes_, ⁂⁂ in all the later papyri. Footnote 103: Compared with ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ in the papyrus of Nesichonsu, published by M. Maspero, _Miss. Arch._, I, p. 612. Footnote 104: The Pyramid Texts have the invocations (_Unas_, 597), “Hail to thee, Horus, in the domains of Horus; Hail to thee, Sutu, in the domains of Sutu; Hail to thee, Lion (⁂⁂⁂ _Ȧar_), in the Garden of Aarru.” Another derivation is suggested in the “Destruction of Mankind,” line 39, ⁂⁂⁂ (as I read it) an augmented form of ⁂⁂, _ar_, which does not mean _pluck_, as in Brugsch’s translation, but _bind_, _fasten_, _twine_, _nectere_, _constringere_, _convolvere_. This sense would explain the ancient determinatives ⁂, ⁂, and lead to still more interesting results. For the ancient word ⁂⁂⁂⁂, _ȧarerit_, ‘a vine,’ has thus clearly the same etymological sense as our European word _vine_. “_Vî-num_ ... attaches itself to _vî-tis_, _vî-men_, _vî-tex_, and—exactly like the Greek ϝοῖ-νος—to the Indo-Greek root _vei_, ‘to twine.’ So that _vî-no_ means first ‘creeper,’ then ‘fruit of the creeper,’ finally ‘drink made from the fruit of the creeper’” (O. Schrader, _Prehistoric Antiquities_, 324). Philological speculation might make a further advance. As ⁂⁂⁂ _ȧar_, is to ⁂⁂ _ār_, so perhaps is ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ _ȧarru_ to ⁂⁂ _āru_. The first two groups are not phonetically identical, but they are certainly allied and have very much the same meaning; the last has, with some probability, been identified with the _Vine-branch_, and that, in conjunction with the text ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ (see _Zeitschr._, 1878, p. 107, and the plate corresponding). “The Vine-plant is Osiris.” The Greeks, or some of them at least, identified Osiris with Dionysos (Plutarch, _de Iside et Osiride_, 34, 35). The god is sometimes (as in the papyrus of Nebseni) sitting in a naos under a vine, from which bunches of grapes are hanging. Footnote 105: Here we already have ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂, ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ and ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂. See my article in the _Zeitschr._, 1874, p. 102. Footnote 106: It is also the name of a liquid substance ⁂⁂, ⁂⁂, a produce of the cow, such as cream or clarified butter. It occurs in all the lists of offerings. Footnote 107: