Scalpels, } Keratomes, } with metal handles. Trephines, } Michel's steel clips and special forceps for applying the same. These small steel clips enable the operator to easily and rapidly close skin incisions and are most satisfactory for animal operations. Surgical needles. Needle holder. Soft rubber catheters, various sizes. Gum elastic oesophageal bougies with connection to fit syringe. [Illustration: FIG. 172. Small self retaining retractors.] 5. Anæsthetic. (a) General: The safest general anæsthetic for animals is an A. C. E. mixture, freshly prepared, containing by volume alcohol 1 part, chloroform 2 parts, ether 6 parts, and should be administered on a "cone" formed by twisting up one corner of a towel and placing a wad of cotton-wool inside it, or from a saturated cotton-wool pad packed into the bottom of a small beaker. (b) Local: 1. Cocaine hydrochloride, 2 per cent. in adrenalin 1 per mille solution. 2. Beta-eucaine, 2 per cent. in adrenalin, 1 per mille solution. 3. Ethyl chloride jet. 6. Sterile glass capsules of various sizes. 7. Cases of sterile pipettes { 10 c.c. (in tenths of a cubic centimetre). { 1 c.c. (in hundredths of a cubic centimetre). 8. Flasks (75 c.c.) containing sterilised normal saline solution (or sterile bouillon). 9. Sterilised cotton-wool. Cotton-wool (absorbent) is packed loosely in a copper cylinder similar to that used for storing capsules, and sterilised in the hot-air oven. 10. Sterilised gauze. Gauze is sterilised in the same way as cotton-wool. 11. Sterilised silk and catgut for sutures. These are sterilised, as required, by boiling for some ten minutes in the water steriliser. 12. Flexible collodion (or compound tincture of benzoin). 13. Grease pencil. 14. Tie-on celluloid labels, to affix to the cages. 15. Razor. 16. Small pot of warm water. 17. Liquid soap. Liquid soap is prepared as follows: Measure out 100 grammes of soft soap and add to 500 c.c. of 2 per cent. lysol solution in a large glass beaker; dissolve by heating in a water-bath at about 90° C. Bottle and label "Liquid Soap." 18. In place of the liquid soap and razor it is sometimes convenient to use a Depilatory powder. Barium sulphide 1 part Rice starch 3 parts Dust the powder thickly over the area to be denuded of hair, sprinkle with water and mix into a thin paste _in situ_; allow the paste to act for three minutes, then scrape off with a bone spatula--the hair comes away with the paste and leaves a perfectly bare patch. This process is preferably carried out, the day previous to the operation. ~Material Utilised for Inoculation.~--The material inoculated may be either-- 1. Cultures of bacteria--grown in fluid media, or on solid media. 2. Metabolic products of bacterial activity--e. g., toxins in solution.