_Rhaphe_, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, 112, 126. _Rhaphides_, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants, 137. _Rhizanthous_, flowering from the root. _Rhizoma_, _Rhizome_, a rootstock, 42-44. _Rhombic_, in the shape of a rhomb. _Rhomboidal_, approaching that shape. _Rib_, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body, 49, 50. _Rimose_, having chinks or cracks. _Ring_, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, 159. _Ringent_, grinning; gaping open, 92. _Riparious_, on river-banks. _Rivalis_, Latin for growing along brooks; or _Rivularis_, in rivulets. _Root_, 33. _Root-hairs_, 35. _Rootlets_, small roots, or root-branches, 33. _Rootstock_, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground, 42. _Roridus_, dewy. _Rosaceous_, arranged like the petals of a rose. _Rostellate_, bearing a small beak (_Rostellum_). _Rostrate_, bearing a beak (_Rostrum_) or a prolonged appendage. _Rosulate_, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves. _Rotate_, wheel-shaped, 89. _Rotund_, rounded or roundish in outline. _Ruber_, Latin for red in general. _Rubescent_, _Rubicund_, reddish or blushing. _Rudimentary_, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development. _Rufous_, _Rufescent_, brownish-red or reddish-brown. _Rugose_, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles. _Ruminated_ (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed. _Runcinate_, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. _Runner_, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, 40. _Sabulose_, growing in sand. _Sac_, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity. _Saccate_, sac-shaped. _Sagittate_, arrowhead-shaped, 53. _Salsuginous_, growing in brackish soil. _Salver-shaped_, or _Salver-form_, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube, 89. _Samara_, a wing-fruit, or key, 122. _Samaroid_, like a samara or key-fruit. _Sap_, the juices of plants generally, 136. _Sapwood_, 142. _Saprophytes_, 37. _Sarcocarp_, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, 120. _Sarmentaceous_, _Sarmentose_, bearing long and flexible twigs (_Sarments_), either spreading or procumbent. _Saw-toothed_, see _serrate_, 55. _Scabrous_, rough or harsh to the touch. _Scalariform_, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder, 134. _Scales_, of buds, 28; of bulbs, &c., 46. _Scalloped_, same as _crenate_, 55. _Scaly_, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture. _Scandent_, climbing, 39. _Scape_, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets. _Scapiform_, scape-like. _Scapigerous_, scape-bearing. _Scar_ of the seed, 126. _Leaf-scars_, 27, 28. _Scarious_ or _Scariose_, thin, dry, and membranous. _Scion_, a shoot or slip used for grafting.