What are volcanic breccias? Volcanic grits? What is the composition of the trappean rocks? What is the amygdaloidal structure? What are the three varieties of trappean rocks, and how are they distinguished? [Illustration: Fig. 1.] Name the stratified rocks. Describe gneiss. Mica slate. Sandstone. Conglomerate. Greensand. Describe the varieties of limestone. What is dolomite? Of what does clay consist? Clay slate? What modifications does clay slate present? What is diluvium? CHAPTER II. SECTION I. What is the primary division of rocks? Upon what principle are the unstratified rocks divided? Upon what principle are the stratified rocks divided? Why are the non-fossiliferous called metamorphic rocks? Name the four classes of rocks. SECTION II. What is the most abundant plutonic rock? How is its thickness ascertained? What is its amount? Where is it found? What is its ordinary structure? What peculiarity of structure facilitates the cleavage of granite? [Illustration: Fig. 2.] The granitic masses are generally deep below the surface; in what other position does granite appear? [Illustration: Fig. 3.] [Illustration: Fig. 4.] In what classes of rocks are granite veins found? Were they all produced at the same time? How is this demonstrated? What is the relative position of the older and newer granites? What other plutonic rocks occur in considerable quantities? SECTION III. Of what do volcanic rocks consist? In what states are they ejected? What are the principal varieties of lava, and how are they distinguished? Why is the basaltic lava the last to be ejected? How is the age of the volcanic rocks determined? What are the three divisions of the volcanic rocks, as dependent upon age? What is the proportion of the volcanic to other rocks? How many active volcanoes exist? Describe the eruptions of Kilauea. Describe the eruption in Iceland in 1783. What are the dimensions of Mount Ætna, and how has it been produced? How are the tertiary lavas known to be such? Where have they been most studied? What is the evidence that these rocks in France are volcanic? Have these lavas been produced within the historic period? [Illustration: Fig. 5.] Were they produced at an early period in the earth's history? Give the evidence that their activity was long-continued. [Illustration: Fig. 6.] What is the form of the earlier volcanic rocks? What circumstances distinguish the trappean from other volcanic rocks? What are some of the prominent localities of the trappean rocks? How do they occur in the islands west of Scotland? How in the valley of the Connecticut river? SECTION IV. What is the lowest metamorphic rock? Describe it. How does mica slate differ from gneiss? Is it well distinguished from argillaceous slate? What is the third rock in the metamorphic series? Why is it difficult to determine the upper limit of this series? Why do the principal rocks of this series occur in the order here given?