It is not to be doubted that the phenomena of polished surfaces and transported materials in the immediate vicinity of the Alps, and near other high mountains, are correctly referred to glacial action. This theory has therefore solved, in part, one of the most difficult problems in geology; but there is great difficulty in extending it so as to account for the drift phenomena in general. If the motion depends upon gravitation only, the origin must have a much greater elevation than the terminus, which would not be the case in the great glacier supposed to extend southward from the Arctic regions. Elevation of temperature, it has been thought, might account for the movement of the mass southward. 2. _Icebergs._--In very high latitudes, the ice, which makes out from the land into the sea during the cold season, suffers but little waste at any time. This sheet of ice continues to increase in breadth and thickness, by congelation, from year to year. The spray and the snows of each succeeding year will also add to the mass. It thus accumulates to the height of several hundred yards. It will also reach down a good many feet below the surface of the sea, and will extend back on the land, or lie heaped up against a precipitous escarpment, and firmly frozen to it. After a certain amount of extension over the sea, the accumulated weight of the ice and snow would tend to depress it, and break it loose from the shore. The waves would tend to the same result, and would act at greater mechanical advantage, as its extension from the shore becomes greater. _Hence, it would ultimately become separated from the shore_, and float in the water. At its commencement, the earth, pebbles and rocks, which may lie along the shore, and as far down into the sea as the congelation extends, are frozen into it. In many situations its mass would be increased by avalanches while it remained attached to the land, and these would supply also masses of earth and rocks, as they do to glaciers. When it becomes loosened from the shore, it will break off, and carry with it some of the earthy portions of the coast, or the less firmly fixed masses of rock from the escarpment against which it formed. Thus every iceberg becomes _freighted_, more or less, _with earth and rocks_. This has almost uniformly been found to be the case, when they have been landed upon by ships' crews and examined. We have seen that the general tendency of the waters of the ocean, and of the lower stratum of the atmosphere, is to a motion from the poles towards the equator. However irregular, therefore, the course of an iceberg may be, its general _movement_, influenced both by the prevailing winds and by ocean currents, will be _towards the equator_. [Illustration: Fig. 78.]