Earth in a state of change, 97 Earthquakes, 130 wave-like motion of, 136 Earthquake waves, rocks shivered by, 137 Effect of atmospheric agencies, 95 Electrical discharges, effect of, 96 Elementary substances, 11 Elevation and subsidence, 73 Elevation and subsidence several times repeated, 82 Elevation of mountains, 73 cause of, 139 spasmodic, 140 gradual, 75 Elevation of different mountains at different times, 75 Elevation of continents, 76 cause of, 142 Elevation of North America, 76 Elevation of the coast of Maine, 76 Elevation of Europe, 77 Elevation of South America, 78 Encrinites, 36, 50 F. Fault, 41, 69 Felspar, 14 Filling up of lakes, 76 Fingal's cave, 30 Fissile structure, origin of, 68 Flint, 14 in chalk, 52, 99 Fluorine, 12 Folded axes, 61, 72 Formation of soils, 87 Fossils-- definition of, 57 how preserved, 57 mineralization of, 58 use of, 60 order in which animals appeared, shown by, 58 animal and vegetable, created together, 59 as a record of climate, 88, 101 Fossiliferous rocks, 32 classification of, 32 Fractures, 42, 68, 130 opening downward, 133 G.