Such was the France of the tenth and eleventh centuries—divided, chaotic, anarchic, and turbulent, yet full of vigorous life and many-sided activity. Its growth was slower, its exploits less dazzling than those of contemporary Germany, though perhaps it was developing on more solid and permanent lines. Even when Germany was still the chief political centre of the west, the fame of the French warrior had extended over all Europe. The alliance with the Church did much, the prevalence of the Cluniac idea did more to bring this about. The wanderings of the Normans first spread abroad the terror of the Frankish name. The Crusades became an essentially Frankish movement, and made the Frankish knight the type of the feudal warrior. But the concentration of France into a great state followed very slowly on the growth of the reputation of the individual Frenchman. [Illustration: FRANCE and the ARELATE IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY SHEWING the Great Fiefs] GENEALOGY OF THE CAPETIAN KINGS OF FRANCE. William of Blois. | Robert the Strong, Duke of the French. | +--------------+---------------+ | | ODO, ROBERT, King of the King of the West Franks West Franks (888–899). (922–923). | Hugh the Great, Duke of the French (_d._ 956), _m._ Hedwig, daughter of Henry the Fowler. | HUGH CAPET (987–996), _m._ Adela. | ROBERT II. (The Pious--996–1031), _m._ (1) Rosala. (2) Bertha, daughter of Conrad, King of Arles, and widow of Odo I. of Blois. (3) Constance of Arles. (3) | (3) +------------------------------+-------+ | | HENRY I. (1031–1060), Robert,