s. 222. Real reduplications of consonants, _i.e._, reduplications of their _sound_, are, in all languages, extremely rare. I am fully aware of certain statements made respecting the Laplandic and Finlandic languages, _viz._, that doubled consonants are, in them, of common occurrence. Notwithstanding this, I have an impression that it is generally under one condition that true reduplication takes place. In compound and derived words, where the original root _ends_, and the superadded affix _begins_ with the same letter, there is a reduplication of the sound, and not otherwise. In the word _soulless_, the _l_ is doubled to the ear as well as to the eye; and it is a false pronunciation to call it _souless_ (_soless_). In the "Deformed Transformed" it is made to rhyme with _no less_, improperly. "Clay, not dead but soulless, Though no mortal man would choose thee, An immortal no less Deigns not to refuse thee." In the following words, all of which are compounds, we have true specimens of the doubled consonant. _n_ is doubled in _unnatural_, _innate_, _oneness_. _l_ -- _soulless_, _civil-list_, _palely_. _k_ -- _book-case_. _t_ -- _seaport-town_. It must not, however, be concealed, that, in the mouths even of correct speakers, one of the doubled sounds is often dropped. s. 223. _True aspirates rare._--The criticism applied to words like _pitted_, &c., applies also to words like _Philip_, _thin_, _thine_, &c. There is therein no sound of _h_. How the so-called aspirates differ from their corresponding lenes has not yet been determined. That it is _not_ by the addition of _h_ is evident. _Ph_ and _th_ are conventional modes of spelling simple single sounds, which might better be expressed by simple single signs. {156} In our own language the _true_ aspirates, like the true duplications, are found only in compound words; and there they are often slurred in the pronunciation. We find _p_ and _h_ in the words _haphazard_, _upholder_. -- _b_ and _h_ -- _abhorrent_, _cub-hunting_. -- _f_ and _h_ -- _knife-handle_, _offhand_. -- _v_ and _h_ -- _stave-head_. -- _d_ and _h_ -- _adhesive_, _childhood_. -- _t_ and _h_ -- _nuthook_. -- _th_ and _h_ -- _withhold_. -- _k_ and _h_ -- _inkhorn_, _bakehouse_. -- _g_ and _h_ -- _gig-horse_. -- _s_ and _h_ -- _race-horse_, _falsehood_. -- _z_ and _h_ -- _exhibit_, _exhort_. -- _r_ and _h_ -- _perhaps_. -- _l_ and _h_ -- _well-head_, _foolhardy_. -- _m_ and _h_ -- _Amherst_. -- _n_ and _h_ -- _unhinge_, _inherent_, _unhappy_.