_a_ to _[)e]_, as _man_, _men_. _a_ to _oo_, as _stand_, _stood_. _a_ to _u_, as _dare_, _durst_. _a_ to _[=e]_, as _was_, _were_. _ea_ to _o_, as _speak_, _spoken_. _ea=[)e]_ to _ea=[=e]_, as _breath_, _breathe_. _ee_ to _[)e]_, as _deep_, _depth_. _ea_ to _o_, as _bear_, _bore_. _i_ to _a_, as _spin_, _span_. _i_ to _u_, as _spin_, _spun_. _i=ei_ to _o_, as _smite_, _smote_. _i=ei_ to _[)i]_, as _smite_, _smitten_. _i_ to _a_, as _give_, _gave_. _i=ei_ to _a_, as _rise_, _raise_. _[)i]_ to _e_, as _sit_, _set_. _ow_ to _ew_, as _blow_, _blew_. _o_ to _e_, as _strong_, _strength_. _oo_ to _ee_, as _tooth_, _teeth_. _o_ to _i_, as _top_, _tip_. _o_ to _e_, as _old_, _elder_; _tell_, _told_. _[)o]_ to _e_, as _brother_, _brethren_. _[=o]=oo_ to _i_, as _do_, _did_. _o=oo_ to _o=[)u]_, as _do_, _done_. _oo_ to _o_, as _choose_, _chose_. {160} _Permutation of Consonants._ _f_ to _v_, _life_, _live_; _calf_, _calves_. _th_ to _dh_, _breath_, _to breathe_. _dh_ to _d_, _seethe_, _sod_; _clothe_, _clad_. _d_ to _t_, _build_, _built_. _s_ to _z_, _use_, _to use_. _s_ to _r_, _was_, _were_; _lose_, _forlorn_. In _have_ and _had_ we have the _ejection_ of a sound; in _work_ and _wrought_, the _transposition_ of one. Important changes are undergone by the sounds _k_, _g_, and the allied ones _nk_, _ng_, _y_, as will be seen in the chapter on verbs. _Permutation of Combinations._ _ie_=_i_ to _ow_, as _grind_, _ground_. _ow_ to _i_=_ei_, as _mouse_, _mice_; _cow_, _kine_. _ink_ to _augh_, as _drink_, _draught_. _ing_ to _ough_, as _bring_, _brought_. _y_ (formerly _g_), _ough_, as _buy_, _bought_. _igh_=_ei_ to _ough_, as _fight_, _fought_. _eek_ to _ough_, as _seek_, _sought_. It must be noticed that the list above is far from being an exhaustive one. The expression too of the changes undergone has been rendered difficult on account of the imperfection of our orthography. The whole section has been written in illustration of the meaning of the word _permutation_, rather than for any specific object in grammar.