Now, by an effort, let this tendency to re-open be counteracted. Let the remaining current of breath be cut short. We have, then, only this, _viz._, so much of the syllable _[=a]p_ as can be formed by the _closure_ of the lips. All that portion of it that is caused by their re-opening is deficient. The resulting sound seems truncated, cut short, or incomplete. It is the sound of _p_, _minus_ the remnant of breath. All of the sound _p_ that is now left is formed, not by the _escape_ of the breath, but by the _arrest_ of it. The _p_ in _[=a]p_ is a _final_ sound. With initial sounds the case is different. Let the lips be _closed_, and let an attempt be made to form the syllable _pa_ by suddenly opening them. The sound appears incomplete; but its incompleteness is at the _beginning_ of the sound, and not at the end of it. In the natural course of things there would have been a current of breath _preceding_, and this current would have given a vibration, now wanting. All the sound that is formed here is formed, not by the _arrest_ of breath, but by the _escape_ of it. I feel that this account of the mechanism of the apparently simple sound _p_, labours under all the difficulties that attend the _description_ of a sound; and for this reason I again request the reader to satisfy himself either of its truth or its inaccuracy, before he proceeds to the conclusions that will be drawn from it. The account, however, being recognised, we have in the current natural sound of _p_ two elements:-- 1. That formed by the current of air and the closure of the lips, as in _[=a]p_. This may be called the sound of breath _arrested_. 2. That formed by the current of air and the opening of the lips, as in _p[=a]_. This may be called the sound of breath _escaping_. Now what may be said of _p_ may be said of all the other consonants, the words _tongue_, _teeth_, &c. being used instead of _lips_, according to the case. {163} Let the sound of breath arrested be expressed by [pi], and that of breath escaping be expressed by [varpi], the two together form the current natural sound _p_ ([pi]+[varpi]=_p_). Thus _[=a]p_ (as quoted above) is _p_ - [varpi], or [pi]; whilst _pa_ (sounded similarly) is _p_ - [pi], or [varpi]. In the formation of syllables, I consider that the sound of breath arrested belongs to the first, and the sound of breath escaping to the second syllable; that each sound being expressed by a separate sign, the word _happy_ is divided thus, _ha[pi]-[varpi]y_; and that such is the case with all consonants between two syllables. The _whole_ consonant belongs neither to one syllable nor the other. Half of it belongs to each. The reduplication of the _p_ in _happy_, the _t_ in _pitted_, &c, is a mere point of spelling, of which more will be said in the chapter on orthography. * * * * * {164} CHAPTER VI. ON QUANTITY.