_Each._--The particle _gi_ enters, like the particle in the composition of pronouns. Old High German, _[^e]ogal[^i]her_, every one; _[^e]ocalih_, all; Middle High German, _iegelich_; New High German, _jeglich_; Anglo-Saxon, _aelc_; English, _each_; the _l_ being dropped, as in _which_ and _such_. _Aelc_, as the original of the English _each_ and the Scotch _ilka,_[42] must by no means be confounded with the word _ylce_, _the same_. (Grimm, D. G. iii. 54.) _Every_, in Old English, _everich_, _everech_, _everilk one_, is _aelc_, preceded by the particle _ever_. (Grimm, D. G. iii. 54.) _Either._--Old High German, _[^e]ogahuedar_; Middle High German, _iegeweder_; Anglo-Saxon, _aeghvaedher_, _aegdher_; Old Frisian, _eider_. _Neither._--The same, with the negative article prefixed. _Neither_ : _either_ :: _naught_ : _aught_. _Other_, _whether_.--These words, although derived forms, being simpler than some that have preceded, might fairly {259} have been dealt with before. They make, however, a transition from the present to the succeeding chapter, and so find a place here. A. _First_, it may be stated of them that the idea which they express is not that _of one out of many_, but that of _one out of two_. 1. In Sanskrit there are two forms, ^a) _kataras_, the same word as _whether_, meaning _which out of two_; ^b) _katamas_, _which out of many_. So also _[^e]kateras_, _one out of two_; _[^e]katamas_, _one out of many_. In Greek, the Ionic form [Greek: koteros] ([Greek: poteros]); in Latin, _uter_, _neuter_, _alter_; and in Moeso-Gothic, _hvathar_, have the same form and the same meaning. 2. In the Scandinavian language the word _anden_, Dano-Saxon _annar_, Iceland corresponds to the English word _second_, and not the German _zweite:_ e. g., _Karl den Anden_, _Charles the Second_. Now _anthar_ is the older form of _other_. B. _Secondly_, it may be stated of them, that the termination _-er_ is the same termination that we find in the comparative degree. 1. The idea expressed by the comparative degree is the comparison, not of _many_, but of _two_ things; _this is better than that_. 2. In all the Indo-European languages where there are pronouns in _-ter_, there is also a comparative degree in _-ter_. See next chapter. 3. As the Sanskrit form _kataras_ corresponds with the comparative degree, where there is the comparison of _two things with each other_; so the word _katamas_ is a superlative form; and in the superlative degree lies the comparison of _many_ things with each other. Hence _other_ and _whether_ (to which may be added _either_ and _neither_) are pronouns with the comparative form. _Other_ has the additional peculiarity of possessing the plural form _others_. Hence, like _self_, it is, in the strictest sense, a substantival pronoun. * * * * * {260} CHAPTER IX. ON CERTAIN FORMS IN -ER.