Sk['a]in, _I shone_; skinum, _we shone_. Sm['a]it, _I smote_; smitum, _we smote_. K['a]us, _I chose_; kusum, _we chose_. L['a]ug, _I lied_; lugum, _we lied_. Gab, _I gave_; g[^e]bum, _we gave_. At, _I ate_; ['e]tum, _we ate_. Stal, _I stole_; st[^e]lum, _we stole_. Qvam, _I came_; qv[^e]mum, _we came_. {301} _Anglo-Saxon._ Arn, _I ran_; urnon, _we run_. Ongan, _I began_; ongunnon, _we begun_. Span, _I span_; spunnon, _we spun_. Sang, _I sang_; sungon, _we sung_. Swang, _I swang_; swungon, _we swung_. Dranc, _I drank_; druncon, _we drunk_. Sanc, _I sank_; suncon, _we sunk_. Sprang, _I sprang_; sprungon, _we sprung_. Swam, _I swam_; swummon, _we swum_. Rang, _I rang_; rungon, _we rung_. In all the Anglo-Saxon words, it may be remarked that the change is from _a_ to _u_, and that both the vowels are short, or dependent. Also, that the vowel of the present tense is _i_ short; as _swim_, _sing_, &c. The Anglo-Saxon form of _run_ is _yrnan_. In the following words the change is from the Anglo-Saxon _['a]_ to the Anglo-Saxon _[=i]_. In English, the regularity of the change is obscured by a change of pronunciation. B['a]t, _I bit_; biton, _we bit_. Sm['a]t, _I smote_; smiton, _we smit_. From these examples the reader has himself drawn his inference; _viz._ that words like _Began, begun._ _Ran, run._ _Span, spun._ _Sang, sung._ [46]_Swang, swung._ _Sprang, sprung._ _Sank, sunk._ _Swam, swum._ _Rang, rung._ [46]_Bat, bit._ _Smote, smit._ _Drank, drunk, &c.,_ generally called double forms of the past tense, were originally different numbers of the same tense, the forms in _u_, as _swum_, and the forms in _i_, _bit_, being plural. * * * * * {302} CHAPTER XXI. ON MOODS. s. 356. The Anglo-Saxon infinitive has already been considered. s. 357. Between the second plural imperative, and the second plural indicative, _speak ye_ and _ye speak_, there is no difference of form. Between the second singular imperative _speak_, and the second singular indicative, _speakest_, there is a difference in form. Still, as the imperative form _speak_ is distinguished from the indicative form _speakest_ by the negation of a character rather than by the possession of one, it cannot be said that there is in English any imperative mood. s. 358. _If he speak_, as opposed to _if he speaks_, is characterised by a negative sign only, and consequently is no true example of a subjunctive. _Be_, as opposed to _am_, in the sentence _if it be so_, is an uninflected word used in a limited sense, and consequently no true example of a subjunctive. The only true subjunctive inflection in the English language is that of _were_ and _wert_, as opposed to the indicative forms _was_ and _wast_.