Words like _planted_, _heeded_, &c., belong to the first class. Words like _feed_, _lead_, to the second class. _Bend_ and _cut_ belong also to the second class; they belong to it, however, by what may be termed an etymological fiction. The vowel would be changed if it could. s. 382. _Made, had._--In these words there is nothing remarkable but the ejection of a consonant. The Anglo-Saxon forms are _macode_ and _haefde_, respectively. The words, however, in regard to the amount of change, are not upon a par. The _f_ in _haefde_ was probably sounded as _v_. Now _v_ {322} is a letter excessively liable to be ejected, which _k_ is not. _K_, before it is ejected, is generally changed into either _g_ or _y_. _Would, should, could._--It must not be imagined that _could_ is in the same predicament with these words. In _will_ and _shall_ the _-l_ is part of the original word. This is not the case with _can_. For the form _could_, see the Chapter upon Irregularity. _Aught._--In Anglo-Saxon _['a]hte_, the praeterite of the present form _['a]h_, plural _['a]gan_.--As late as the time of Elizabeth we find _owe_ used for _own_. The present form _own_ seems to have arisen from the plural _['a]gen_. _Aught_ is the praeterite of the Anglo-Saxon _['a]h_; _owed_ of the English _owe_=_debeo_; _owned_ of the English _own_=_possideo_. The word _own_, in the expression _to own to a thing_, has a totally different origin. It comes from the Anglo-Saxon _an_ (plural, _unnon_)=_I give_, or _grant_=_concedo_. _Durst._--The verb _dare_ is both transitive and intransitive. We can say either _I dare do such a thing_, or _I dare_ (_challenge_) _such a man to do it_. This, in the present tense, is unequivocally correct. In the past the double power of the word _dare_ is ambiguous; still it is, to my mind at least, allowable. We can certainly say _I dared him to accept my challenge_; and we can, perhaps, say _I dared venture on the expedition_. In this last sentence, however, _durst_ is the preferable expression. Now, although _dare_ is both transitive and intransitive, _durst_ is only intransitive. It never agrees with the Latin word _provoco_; only with the Latin word _audeo_. Moreover, the word _durst_ has both a present and a past sense. The difficulty which it presents consists in the presence of the _-st_, letters characteristic of the second person singular, but here found in all the persons alike; as _I durst_, _they durst_, &c.