The English Village Community: Examined in its Relations to the Manorial and Tribal Systems and to the Common or Open Field System of Husbandry; An Essay in Economic History (Reprinted from the Fourth Edition)Seebohm, Frederic
History
The English Village Community: Examined in its Relations to the Manorial and Tribal Systems and to the Common or Open Field System of Husbandry; An Essay in Economic History (Reprinted from the Fourth Edition)
Seebohm, Frederic
Village communities -- Great Britain
For weir-building 40 large rods or 1 load of small rods, or
build 8 yokes and wattle 3 ebbs. Of acre-fencing 15 yards,
or ditch 15; and ditch 1 yard of burh-hedge, reap 1 acre and
a half, mow half an acre. At other work, work as the work
requires. [p155]
These are the various details of his _week-work_. Then follow the
_gafol_-payments.
«Gafol.»
Sylle vi. penegas ofer éstre, healfne sester hunies tó
Hlafmæssan. vi. systres mealtes tó Martines mæsse, an cliwen
gódes nettgernes. On ðam sylfum lande stent seðe vii. swýn
hæbbe ðæt he sylle iii. and swá forð á ðæt teoðe, and ðæs
naðulæs mæstenrǽdene ðonne mæsten beó.
Pay 6d. after Easter, half a sester of honey (or mead?)
at Lammas. 6 sesters of malt at Martinmas, 1 clew of good
net-yarn. On the same land, if he has 7 swine, he pays 3, and
so forth at that rate, and nevertheless give mast dues if there
be mast.
It will be observed that in their _week-work_ the geburs of Tidenham,
in addition to strictly agricultural services, had to provide the
materials for the puttchers and hedge-weirs, as well as other
requisites for the fisheries.
What the eight _geocu_ to be built may have been is doubtful; but the
tyning or wattling of three ebbs was at once explained on the spot by
the lessee of the fisheries, who pointed out that when hackle weirs
were used, three separate wattled hedges would always be needed, as,
owing to the very various heights of the tide, the hedge must be
differently placed for the spring tides, the middle tides, and the
neap tides respectively.
The '_week-work_' was shown by the '_Rectitudines_' to be the chief
service of the gebur, and this _work_, added to the _gafol_, made the
holder of the yard-land into a _gebur_, according to the laws of Ine.
«No limitation of week-work to three days.»
Two things are very striking about the week-work on the manor of
Tidenham. (1) There is no limit to three days a week more or less,
as in the '_Rectitudines_.' (2) There is a clear adaptation of the
week-work [p156] to local circumstances. In particular the fisheries
have a prominent regard in its arrangement. As described in the
'_Rectitudines_,' the work varied according to the customs of each
place.
So much for the 'week-work.'
«No _bene-work_.»
Next, there were at Tidenham no '_precariæ_,' or '_bene_' works,
which formed so prominent a feature in the later services. When the
week-work was not limited to some days only, clearly there was no
need or room for these additional services.
Lastly, as to the _gafol_--this formed a prominent feature of the
_weorc-ræden_ of the Tidenham yard-land.
«_Gafol_ chiefly in produce: honey, &c.»
It consisted mainly of the produce of the land, like the gafol of
the _gafolgylders_ in the Saxon translation of the parable of 'the
unjust steward.' Honey and malt, or ale, and yarn and pork--these,
as we shall see by-and-by, were the chief products of this and the
adjoining districts of Wales.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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