Who are the people thus permitted to surrender their possessions to the Church? Clearly they are the free possessores or tenants on the public lands, now become '_terra regis_,' under the fiscal officers who are still called _duces_ and _comites_. Here, then, is still going on, but in the interest of the Church, precisely the process described by Salvian, and with precisely the same results. Further, these results can be traced with remarkable exactness; for in the charters of _St. Gall_ and _Lorsch_ and _Wizenburg_ there are numerous instances of surrenders made under this law. «Instances of surrender in the St. Gall charters.» In the 'Urkundenbuch' of the Abbey of St. Gall, under date A.D. 754,[475] there is a charter by which a possessor of land in certain 'villas' in the neighbourhood of St. Gall hands over to the monastery all that he possesses therein, with the cattle, slaves, houses, fields, woods, waters, &c., thereon, together with two servi and all their belongings; and (it proceeds) 'for these things I am willing to render service every year as follows:--viz. xxx. seglas of beer (cervesa), xl. loaves and a sound spring pig (frischenga), and xxx. mannas, and to plough 2 jugera[476] (jochos) per [p319] annum, and to gather and carry the produce to the yard, also to do post service (_angaria_) when required.' Here we have not only the public _tributum_ converted into a manorial census or 'gafol,' but also the _sordida munera_ transformed into manorial services. In another charter, A.D. 759, is a surrender of all a man's possessions in the place called _Heidolviswilare_, to the Abbey, 'in this wise that I may receive it back from you _per precariam_, and yearly I will pay thence _census_, _i.e._ xxx. siclas of beer, xl. loaves, a sound spring frisginga, 3 day-works (operæ) of one man in the course of the year; and my son Hacco, if he survive me, shall do so during his life.'[477] In another, A.D. 761,[478] the monks of St. Gall regrant a '_villa_' called '_Zozinvilare_' to the original maker of the surrender at the following _census_, viz. xxx. siclas of beer and xl. loaves, a friscinga, and two hens, with this addition--'_In quisqua sicione_[479] thou shalt plough _saigata una_ (one selion?) and reap this and carry it into [the yard], and in one day (jurno)[480] thou shalt cut it, and in another gather it and carry it, as aforesaid.' In the surrender of a holding 'in villa qui dicitur _Wicohaim_,[481] the census is . . . siclas of beer, xx. maldra of bread and a frisginga, and work at the stated time at harvest and at hay-time, two days in reaping the harvest and cutting the hay, and in early spring one "_jurnalis_" at ploughing, and in the month of June to break up [brachan] another, [p320] and in autumn to plough and sow it--this is the census for that villa.' «Like those described by Salvian.»